Question:
Depending on soil nutrient availability, which one or more of the following interaction(s) can occur between soil mycorrhizal fungi and plants?
Depending on soil nutrient availability, which one or more of the following interaction(s) can occur between soil mycorrhizal fungi and plants?
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Batesian mimicry = \textbf{bluff defense}: safe species looks dangerous. Müllerian mimicry = \textbf{shared signal} among genuinely harmful species.
Updated On: Aug 26, 2025
- Parasitism
- Predation
- Mutualism
- Commensalism
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The Correct Option is A, C, D
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Define Batesian mimicry.
A palatable/harmless species (the mimic) evolves to resemble an unpalatable/toxic model species. Predators that have learned (or evolved) to avoid the model also avoid the mimic \Rightarrow the mimic gains anti-predator protection.
Step 2: Identify the key benefit to the mimic.
Protection is achieved without paying the biochemical/physiological costs of producing toxins or other defenses. Hence option (C) captures the benefit exactly.
Step 3: Eliminate distractors.
(A) Wrong: the mimic \emph{does not} become more toxic; it only \emph{looks} like a toxic model.
(B) Irrelevant: “cooperation” is not central to mimicry.
(D) Not a standard or causal benefit; mimicry targets predation risk, not interspecific resource competition. Final Answer:
\[ \boxed{\text{(C) Increased protection without investing in toxicity}} \]
A palatable/harmless species (the mimic) evolves to resemble an unpalatable/toxic model species. Predators that have learned (or evolved) to avoid the model also avoid the mimic \Rightarrow the mimic gains anti-predator protection.
Step 2: Identify the key benefit to the mimic.
Protection is achieved without paying the biochemical/physiological costs of producing toxins or other defenses. Hence option (C) captures the benefit exactly.
Step 3: Eliminate distractors.
(A) Wrong: the mimic \emph{does not} become more toxic; it only \emph{looks} like a toxic model.
(B) Irrelevant: “cooperation” is not central to mimicry.
(D) Not a standard or causal benefit; mimicry targets predation risk, not interspecific resource competition. Final Answer:
\[ \boxed{\text{(C) Increased protection without investing in toxicity}} \]
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