Question

Arrange the following stages of Globalisation according to Roland Robertson.
A. Expansion of capital and capitalism (struggle for hegemony)
B. WTO; Global media, digital age (antagonism)
C. Emergence of nation states (incipient)
D. Growth of Global communication (take-off)
E. Rise of environmental crisis (uncertainty)
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

• A. C-D-A-E-B
• B. C-D-A-B-E
• C. A-C-E-B-D
• D. D-E-A-C-B

Hint:

Remember the progression: State emergence $\rightarrow$ Communication take-off $\rightarrow$ Capital expansion $\rightarrow$ Environmental uncertainty $\rightarrow$ Global antagonism.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A

Concept: Roland Robertson identified five distinct phases in the process of globalization, reflecting the evolving integration of the world system.

Step 1: The initial phase involves the early formation and establishment of nation-states as the primary political units. $$C \text{ is the starting point}$$

Step 2: Following state formation, the development of global communication technologies initiated the "take-off" phase of globalization. $$D \text{ follows C}$$

Step 3: Economic integration intensifies through the global expansion of capital, leading to struggles for dominance. $$A \text{ follows D}$$

Step 4: As global systems mature, the unintended consequences manifest as environmental crises, introducing a period of uncertainty. $$E \text{ follows A}$$

Step 5: The final phase involves institutionalized global governance (WTO) and digital media saturation, characterized by intense global antagonisms. $$B \text{ is the concluding phase}$$ $$\boxed{\text{(1) C-D-A-E-B}}$$