Question

Arrange the following projects in the correct order of their start year, from earliest to latest:
• [(A).] Operational Research Project (ORP) 
• [(B).] National Demonstration Project (NDP) 
• [(C).] Lab to Land Programme (LLP) 
• [(D).] Etawah Pilot Project 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
 

• A. (A), (B), (C), (D)
• B. (D), (B), (A), (C)
• C. (D), (C), (A), (B)
• D. (A), (B), (D), (C)

Hint:

Remember the ICAR transfer timeline:
- 1965: National Demonstrations (NDP).
- 1974: Operational Research (ORP).
- 1979: Golden Jubilee Transfer (Lab to Land).

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Indian agricultural extension has evolved through several developmental projects, starting from early post-independence experiments to structured, ICAR-funded national programs.

Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Let us review the historical start years for each project:
- Etawah Pilot Project - (D): Launched in 1948 at Mahewa, near Etawah in Uttar Pradesh, by Albert Mayer.
It introduced the concept of a multi-purpose village-level worker and served as a prototype for the nationwide Community Development Programme.
- National Demonstration Project (NDP) - (B): Launched by ICAR in 1965 to demonstrate the yield potential of new high-yielding crop varieties directly on farmers' fields under the supervision of agricultural scientists.
- Operational Research Project (ORP) - (A): Launched by ICAR in 1974-1975.
Unlike individual field demonstrations, ORP tested crop and livestock technologies across entire villages or watersheds to evaluate their social and economic impact on a larger scale.
- Lab to Land Programme (LLP) - (C): Launched by ICAR in 1979 to celebrate the council's Golden Jubilee.
Its primary objective was to transfer low-cost crop technologies to small, marginal, and tribal farming families.
Arranging these projects in chronological order (from the earliest to the latest):
\[ \text{Etawah Pilot Project (D, 1948)} \rightarrow \text{NDP (B, 1965)} \rightarrow \text{ORP (A, 1974)} \rightarrow \text{LLP (C, 1979)} \] This corresponds to the sequence (D) \(\rightarrow\) (B) \(\rightarrow\) (A) \(\rightarrow\) (C).

Step 3: Final Answer:
The correct chronological sequence is Option (B).