Question

According to the tradition of Vedic interpretation, which of the following are recognized as types or classifications of 'Suktas' (Hymns)?
A. Rishisuktam
B. Chhandosuktam
C. Arthasuktam
D. Padasuktam
E. Mantrasuktam

• A. A, B, C, D, E
• B. E, D, C, B, A
• C. A,B,C
• D. C, D, B, E, A

Hint:

Remember the 'Rishi-Chhanda-Devata' triad. Every Vedic exam question regarding the "identity" or "types" of a mantra or hymn will revolve around these three categories. Any term outside this triad (like Pada or Mantra) is usually a distractor.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
In the Vedic tradition, particularly within the Rigveda Samhita, the organization of the hymns is governed by specific technical parameters. Every Sukta (hymn) is defined by three fundamental pillars: the Rishi (the seer who realized the hymn), the Chhandas (the poetic meter in which it is composed), and the Devata (the deity or subject matter). Traditional Vedic scholars like Saunaka in the Rig-Vidhana and the Anukramanis (indices) have categorized Suktas based on these pillars to facilitate ritual application (Viniyoga) and systematic study.

Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
The recognized traditional classifications of Suktas are:
1. Rishisuktam (A): This classification is based on the Seer. A hymn is called a Rishisukta if it is entirely revealed to a single Rishi. This is the primary way the Mandalas are organized; for example, the second Mandala consists of Suktas of the Gritsamada family. This helps in identifying the lineage and tradition of the Vedic realization.
2. Chhandosuktam (B): This is based on the Prosody or Meter. If a Sukta maintains a single meter, such as Gayatri, Trishtubh, or Jagati, throughout all its verses, it is classified as a Chhandosukta. This is vital for the Hotri priest who must maintain the rhythmic integrity of the recitation during a Yajna.
3. Arthasuktam (C): This is based on the Subject Matter or Deity. A hymn where every verse is addressed to a single deity (like Agni or Indra) or deals with a single topic (like the Purusha Sukta) is called an Arthasukta. The word 'Artha' here denotes the 'Deity' or the 'Meaning'. This is the most important classification for the Yajamana, as it determines the purpose of the sacrifice.
Classes like Padasuktam (D) and Mantrasuktam (E) are not canonical categories. While 'Pada' (word/quarter) and 'Mantra' (verse) are structural components of Vedic poetry, they do not serve as descriptors for the entire hymn as a genre. Traditional indices focus on Seer, Meter, and Subject. Thus, only A, B, and C are valid classifications.

Step 4: Final Answer:
The recognized types of Suktas are Rishisuktam, Chhandosuktam, and Arthasuktam.