Question:
Which one of the listed authors stated "Landforms achieve equilibrium between resisting forces and driving forces"?
Which one of the listed authors stated "Landforms achieve equilibrium between resisting forces and driving forces"?
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In geomorphology, several pioneers proposed different ideas about how landforms develop.
Updated On: Jun 16, 2026
- Davis (1840)
- Penk (1845)
- Gilbert (1918)
- Horton (1945)
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
Concept:
In geomorphology, several pioneers proposed different ideas about how landforms develop. One important idea is that the form of the land represents a balance, or equilibrium, between the forces that try to erode and move material (driving forces) and the forces that resist that movement (resisting forces).
Step 1:
Recall the contributions of each scientist. W. M. Davis is famous for the cycle of erosion, Walther Penck for slope development theories, and Robert Horton for laws of stream networks and drainage.
Step 2:
G. K. Gilbert introduced the principle of dynamic equilibrium in landscapes, stating that landforms adjust so that resisting forces and driving forces are in balance. This matches the quoted statement.
Answer: Option (3) — Gilbert (1918).
In geomorphology, several pioneers proposed different ideas about how landforms develop. One important idea is that the form of the land represents a balance, or equilibrium, between the forces that try to erode and move material (driving forces) and the forces that resist that movement (resisting forces).
Step 1:
Recall the contributions of each scientist. W. M. Davis is famous for the cycle of erosion, Walther Penck for slope development theories, and Robert Horton for laws of stream networks and drainage.
Step 2:
G. K. Gilbert introduced the principle of dynamic equilibrium in landscapes, stating that landforms adjust so that resisting forces and driving forces are in balance. This matches the quoted statement.
Answer: Option (3) — Gilbert (1918).
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