Question:
Which of the following is/are Eco-system Service(s) offered by forests?
Which of the following is/are Eco-system Service(s) offered by forests?
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Match each option to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment classes: Provisioning, Regulating, Cultural, Supporting. Geo-political is not one of them.
Updated On: Aug 6, 2026
- Regulating
- Provisioning
- Cultural
- Geo-political
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The Correct Option is A, B, C
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Understanding the Question.
The question asks which of four named services (Regulating, Provisioning, Cultural, Geo-political) are actually eco-system services that a forest gives to people.
Step 2: Key Concept.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), the standard reference for this topic, groups every eco-system service into four classes: Provisioning (the direct goods a forest gives, such as timber, food, fibre, and clean water), Regulating (the natural control functions, such as climate regulation, carbon storage, and control of floods and water flow), Cultural (the non-material benefits, such as recreation, tourism, and spiritual or aesthetic value), and Supporting (the background processes, such as soil formation and nutrient cycling, that keep the other three running).
Step 3: Detailed Explanation of each option.
Option (A) Regulating: forests absorb carbon dioxide, moderate local climate, and control soil erosion and runoff. This is a true regulating service, so it is correct.
Option (B) Provisioning: forests give timber, fuelwood, fruit, fodder, and medicinal plants. This is a true provisioning service, so it is correct.
Option (C) Cultural: forests are used for recreation and eco-tourism, and hold spiritual or heritage value for many communities. This is a true cultural service, so it is correct.
Option (D) Geo-political: this term describes political and territorial relations between states or regions. It has nothing to do with the ecological function of a forest, so it is not an eco-system service and is wrong.
Step 4: Final Answer.
Regulating, Provisioning, and Cultural are the eco-system services offered by forests. This corresponds to options 1, 2, and 3.
The question asks which of four named services (Regulating, Provisioning, Cultural, Geo-political) are actually eco-system services that a forest gives to people.
Step 2: Key Concept.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), the standard reference for this topic, groups every eco-system service into four classes: Provisioning (the direct goods a forest gives, such as timber, food, fibre, and clean water), Regulating (the natural control functions, such as climate regulation, carbon storage, and control of floods and water flow), Cultural (the non-material benefits, such as recreation, tourism, and spiritual or aesthetic value), and Supporting (the background processes, such as soil formation and nutrient cycling, that keep the other three running).
Step 3: Detailed Explanation of each option.
Option (A) Regulating: forests absorb carbon dioxide, moderate local climate, and control soil erosion and runoff. This is a true regulating service, so it is correct.
Option (B) Provisioning: forests give timber, fuelwood, fruit, fodder, and medicinal plants. This is a true provisioning service, so it is correct.
Option (C) Cultural: forests are used for recreation and eco-tourism, and hold spiritual or heritage value for many communities. This is a true cultural service, so it is correct.
Option (D) Geo-political: this term describes political and territorial relations between states or regions. It has nothing to do with the ecological function of a forest, so it is not an eco-system service and is wrong.
Step 4: Final Answer.
Regulating, Provisioning, and Cultural are the eco-system services offered by forests. This corresponds to options 1, 2, and 3.
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