Comprehension
When we hear the name SPACE, only one organization comes to mind: the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), located in Bengaluru, is the country’s first space agency. ISRO was founded in 1969 with the goal of developing and utilizing space technology for national development while also conducting planetary exploration and space science research. The space research operations began in India in the early 1960s, at a time when satellite applications were still in the experimental stages in the United States. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the founding father of India’s space programme, rapidly recognized the benefits of space technologies after the live transmission of the Tokyo Olympic Games across the Pacific by the American satellite ‘Syncom-3’ demonstrated the power of communication satellites. The ISRO has launched various spacecrafts like the Chandrayaan, Astrosat, Microsat, GSAT etc. The Government of India has also approved a regional spaceborne navigation system, which will consist of seven satellites. Out of these, four of them will be placed in geosynchronous inclined orbit of 29° relative to the equatorial plane. Such an arrangement would mean all seven satellites would have continuous radio visibility with Indian control stations.
Question: 1
Name the first dedicated mission launched by ISRO for studying the celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously.
Name the first dedicated mission launched by ISRO for studying the celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously.
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ISRO’s astronomy missions:
- Astrosat → multi-wavelength space observatory
- Chandrayaan → lunar exploration
- Gaganyaan → human spaceflight
Updated On: Jul 10, 2026
- Amazonia
- Astrosat
- Gaganyaan–1
- Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
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The Correct Option is B
Approach Solution - 1
Astrosat is India’s first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory.
Launched by ISRO in 2015, it observes celestial objects across X-ray, ultraviolet (UV), and optical spectral bands simultaneously, providing valuable data for astrophysical research.
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Approach Solution -2
Elimination approach:
Amazonia is a Brazilian earth-observation satellite, not an ISRO mission. Gaganyaan-1 is India's planned human spaceflight test vehicle, meant for crewed missions rather than astronomical observation. The Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) is a joint ISRO-JAXA mission aimed at the Moon's south pole, not a multi-wavelength observatory. Ruling these out leaves Astrosat, ISRO's 2015 space telescope built specifically to observe X-ray, optical, and UV sources at the same time.
Amazonia is a Brazilian earth-observation satellite, not an ISRO mission. Gaganyaan-1 is India's planned human spaceflight test vehicle, meant for crewed missions rather than astronomical observation. The Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) is a joint ISRO-JAXA mission aimed at the Moon's south pole, not a multi-wavelength observatory. Ruling these out leaves Astrosat, ISRO's 2015 space telescope built specifically to observe X-ray, optical, and UV sources at the same time.
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The question asks for ISRO's first mission built to study X-ray, optical and UV sources at the same time. Look at what each option actually is.
- Amazonia: a series of Brazilian earth-observation satellites run by Brazil's space agency INPE to track deforestation and land use. It has no connection to ISRO and carries no astronomy instruments.
- Astrosat: ISRO's own multi-wavelength space observatory, launched in 2015 on a PSLV rocket. It carries five separate payloads that together cover the X-ray, ultraviolet and optical bands, letting scientists study one celestial source across all three at once. This matches every part of the question.
- Gaganyaan-1: the uncrewed test flight of ISRO's human spaceflight programme, meant to check the safety of the crew module before astronauts fly. It is a human spaceflight test, not an astronomy observatory.
- Lunar Polar Exploration Mission: also called LUPEX, a joint ISRO-JAXA mission planned to land near the Moon's south pole and study water ice there. It targets the Moon's surface, not distant celestial sources across several wavelength bands.
Only Astrosat is an ISRO observatory built to observe X-ray, optical and UV sources together, while the other three fail on either the "ISRO" part or the "multi-band astronomy" part.
The correct answer is Astrosat.
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Question: 2
APPLE, the first communication satellite of ISRO, was launched from:
APPLE, the first communication satellite of ISRO, was launched from:
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APPLE = ISRO’s 1st communication satellite → launched on Ariane → from Kourou.
Updated On: Jul 10, 2026
- Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota
- TERLS, Thiruvananthapuram
- Kourou, French Guiana
- SSLV Launching Station, Tamil Nadu
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The Correct Option is C
Approach Solution - 1
ISRO’s first experimental communication satellite APPLE was launched in 1981 by the Ariane launch vehicle from Kourou, French Guiana.
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Elimination approach:
Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota) and the SSLV launch station in Tamil Nadu are Indian sites used for later, indigenously launched satellites, while TERLS at Thiruvananthapuram was used only for early sounding rocket launches. In 1981, India did not yet have a rocket capable of placing a satellite like APPLE into orbit, so it had to be launched aboard the European Ariane rocket. This points to Kourou, French Guiana, the European Space Agency's launch site.
Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota) and the SSLV launch station in Tamil Nadu are Indian sites used for later, indigenously launched satellites, while TERLS at Thiruvananthapuram was used only for early sounding rocket launches. In 1981, India did not yet have a rocket capable of placing a satellite like APPLE into orbit, so it had to be launched aboard the European Ariane rocket. This points to Kourou, French Guiana, the European Space Agency's launch site.
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The question asks where APPLE, ISRO's first communication satellite, was launched from. Look at what each site was actually used for around 1981.
- Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota: India's main satellite launch site, but it was built up for indigenous PSLV and GSLV launches from the 1990s onward, well after 1981.
- TERLS, Thiruvananthapuram: the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, India's earliest launch facility, but it was only ever used for small sounding rockets studying the upper atmosphere, never for putting a satellite into orbit.
- Kourou, French Guiana: the European Space Agency's spaceport, used to launch the Ariane rocket. Since India had no orbital launch vehicle of its own in 1981, APPLE had to fly on a foreign rocket from here.
- SSLV Launching Station, Tamil Nadu: home to ISRO's Small Satellite Launch Vehicle programme, which only began flights decades later, in the 2020s, so it could not have hosted a 1981 launch.
Only Kourou was actually capable of launching a satellite in 1981, so APPLE went up from there aboard an Ariane rocket.
The correct answer is Kourou, French Guiana.
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Question: 3
Name the spacecraft that has been successfully sent into space to probe the planets in the solar system.
Name the spacecraft that has been successfully sent into space to probe the planets in the solar system.
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Mariner series → planetary probes.
Mariner 10 → Venus + Mercury.
Updated On: Jul 10, 2026
- Sputnik 19
- Cosmos 482
- Pioneer-E
- Mariner 10
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The Correct Option is D
Approach Solution - 1
Mariner 10 was a NASA robotic spacecraft sent to probe planets in the solar system.
It successfully performed flybys of Venus and Mercury, becoming the first mission to visit Mercury.
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Elimination approach:
Sputnik 19 and Cosmos 482 were Soviet Venus-probe launches that failed to leave Earth orbit, so they never reached another planet. Pioneer-E was lost to a launch vehicle failure and never became operational. Only Mariner 10 actually reached its targets, flying past both Venus and Mercury and returning the first close-up images of Mercury.
Sputnik 19 and Cosmos 482 were Soviet Venus-probe launches that failed to leave Earth orbit, so they never reached another planet. Pioneer-E was lost to a launch vehicle failure and never became operational. Only Mariner 10 actually reached its targets, flying past both Venus and Mercury and returning the first close-up images of Mercury.
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The question asks for the spacecraft that was successfully sent to probe the planets of the solar system. Look at what actually happened to each named craft.
- Sputnik 19: a Soviet designation given to a failed Venus-probe launch that never left Earth orbit because of a rocket fault, so it never reached another planet.
- Cosmos 482: another Soviet Venus probe whose upper stage failed, stranding it in Earth orbit for decades.
- Pioneer-E: intended as a NASA solar-observing probe, but it was destroyed when its Delta rocket failed shortly after launch, so it never became operational.
- Mariner 10: reached and photographed both Venus and Mercury, using Venus's gravity to bend its path toward Mercury and becoming the first spacecraft to visit that planet.
Three of the four never even escaped Earth orbit or never flew at all, while Mariner 10 actually completed its planetary flybys.
The correct answer is Mariner 10.
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Question: 4
The first successful nuclear bomb test conducted by India in 1974 is called the:
The first successful nuclear bomb test conducted by India in 1974 is called the:
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1974 → Smiling Buddha
1998 → Pokhran-II (Operation Shakti)
Updated On: Jul 10, 2026
- Prithvi
- Pokhran-II
- Smiling Buddha
- Surya
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The Correct Option is C
Approach Solution - 1
India’s first nuclear test, conducted on 18 May 1974 at Pokhran, was code-named Smiling Buddha.
It marked India’s entry into the group of nuclear-capable nations.
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Elimination approach:
Prithvi and Surya are names of Indian missile programmes, not nuclear tests, while Pokhran-II refers to India's second round of nuclear tests conducted in 1998, not 1974. Removing these leaves Smiling Buddha, the code name given to India's first nuclear test carried out on 18 May 1974.
Prithvi and Surya are names of Indian missile programmes, not nuclear tests, while Pokhran-II refers to India's second round of nuclear tests conducted in 1998, not 1974. Removing these leaves Smiling Buddha, the code name given to India's first nuclear test carried out on 18 May 1974.
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The question asks for the code name of India's first nuclear test, conducted in 1974. Check what each option actually refers to.
- Prithvi: the name of an Indian short-range ballistic missile programme, not a nuclear test.
- Pokhran-II: the code name for India's second round of nuclear tests, carried out in 1998, not 1974.
- Smiling Buddha: the code name given to India's first underground nuclear test, conducted on 18 May 1974 at Pokhran.
- Surya: the name sometimes used for a long-range Indian missile concept, again a missile, not a nuclear test.
Two of the four names are missiles and one is the wrong nuclear test, leaving only the correct 1974 test.
The correct answer is Smiling Buddha.
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Question: 5
NaviC covers India and a region extending:
NaviC covers India and a region extending:
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NavIC coverage radius → 1,500 km beyond India’s borders.
Updated On: Jul 10, 2026
- 1,500 km
- 2,000 km
- 7,000 km
- 1,000 km
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The Correct Option is A
Approach Solution - 1
NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) provides coverage over India and a region extending up to 1,500 km beyond the Indian landmass.
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Elimination approach:
NavIC was designed as a regional system, not one with a coverage radius as large as 7,000 km, so that option can be ruled out. Values such as 2,000 km and 1,000 km do not match ISRO's stated design specification for the primary service area. The figure officially given for coverage beyond India's borders is 1,500 km.
NavIC was designed as a regional system, not one with a coverage radius as large as 7,000 km, so that option can be ruled out. Values such as 2,000 km and 1,000 km do not match ISRO's stated design specification for the primary service area. The figure officially given for coverage beyond India's borders is 1,500 km.
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The question asks how far NaviC's coverage extends beyond India. Check each figure against ISRO's stated design.
- 1,500 km: the figure ISRO has stated as NaviC's service-area extension beyond India's landmass.
- 2,000 km: larger than the stated design figure and does not match ISRO's published specification.
- 7,000 km: far too large for a regional system like NaviC, which was deliberately built with a limited service radius rather than global coverage.
- 1,000 km: smaller than the actual figure ISRO has specified for the primary service area.
Only one of the four figures matches the officially stated coverage extension.
The correct answer is 1,500 km.
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Top CLAT Questions
- In the realm of contemporary literature, the interplay between character and setting is a nuanced dance that shapes the narrative’s essence. The setting, often described with painstaking detail, becomes more than a backdrop; it becomes a character, influencing the plot and character development.
Consider, for instance, the barren expanse of the desert in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake. The arid landscape mirrors the sense of isolation felt by the protagonist, Gogol, as he navigates his identity crisis in a foreign land. The relentless sun and vast sands are not mere descriptions; they are the silent witnesses to his inner turmoil.
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The question of justice for the poor is, however, an altogether different challenge. No country in the world has been able to secure justice for the poor. Most of the jails of the richest countries are filled with the poorest. The “masses” are more often victims of the criminal justice system than of crime. In India as well, jails are almost exclusively filled with the poor. The civil justice system is hardly accessible to them. They are often victimised by lawyers, touts and court staff. They are docket-excluded, a new type of untouchability. The language and the logic—and the colonial and feudal culture—of the judicial system are alien to them. It rarely takes cognisance of their needs and interests.
Their main concern, therefore, is to escape the attention of the justice system, criminal and civil. A landless Dalit person in the interior of Madhya Pradesh once gave me an insightful definition of a court from the perspective of the masses: “A court is a place where you are forcibly taken by the police to be punished; no one goes to a court.” In contrast, many lawyers and judges colloquially define a court as “a temple of justice where rights are protected”.
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[Extracted, with edits, from “Justice and the Two Ideas of India”, by G. Mohan Gopal, Frontline] - Everything she wanted was here, at Carignano, in Kasauli. Here, on the ridge of the mountain, in this quiet house. It was the place, and the time of life, that she had wanted and prepared for all her life-as she realized on the first day at Carignano, with a great, cool flowering of relief - and at last she had it. She wanted no one and nothing else. Whatever else came, or happened here, would be an unwelcome intrusion and distraction. This she tried to convey to the plodding postman with a cold and piercing stare from the height of the ridge onto his honest bull back. Unfortunately, he did not look up at her on the hilltop but stared stolidly down at the dust piling onto his shoes as he plodded on. A bullock-man, an oafish ox, she thought bitterly. She stepped backwards into the garden and the wind suddenly billowed up and threw the pine branches about as though to curtain her. She was grey, tall and thin and her silk sari made a sweeping, shivering sound and she fancied she could merge with the pine trees and be mistaken for one. To be a tree, no more and no less, was all she was prepared to undertake.
What pleased and satisfied her so, here at Carignano, was its barrenness. This was the chief virtue of all Kasauli of course-its starkness. It had rocks, it had pines, it had light and air. In every direction there was a sweeping view - to the north, of the mountains, to the south, of the plains. Occasionally an eagle swam through this clear unobstructed mass of light and air, that was all. And Carignano, her home on the ridge, had no more than that. Why should it? The sun shone on its white walls. Its windows were open the ones facing north opened on to the blue waves of the Himalayas flowing out and up to the line of ice and snow sketched upon the sky, while those that faced south looked down the plunging cliff to the plain stretching out, flat and sere to the blurred horizon.
Yes, there were some apricot trees close to the house. There were clumps of iris that had finished blooming. There was the kitchen with a wing of smoke lifting out of its chimney and a stack of wood outside its door. But these were incidental, almost unimportant.
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The 19th century ushered in a new era of literary giants. Jane Austen’s novels, such as Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility, provide incisive social commentary through the lens of wit and romance. Austen’s heroines, like Elizabeth Bennet and Elinor Dashwood, remain beloved literary figures known for their intelligence and resilience. The Romantic era brought forth poets like William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who celebrated * 8 UG the beauty of nature and the emotional intensity of the individual. Wordsworth’s ‘‘I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud’’ and Coleridge’s ‘‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’’ are testament to the power of the written words to evoke profound emotions and imagery. Moving towards 20th century, English literature continued to evolve. Virginia Woolf’s ground-breaking novel Mrs. Dalloway explored the inner thoughts and lives of its characters with a modernist narrative style. Dystopian visions, as seen in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four provided stark warnings about the dangers of totalitarianism and the erosion of individual freedom.
Today, English literature is a global phenomenon, transcending borders and languages. Indian authors like Arundhati Roy, with her novel The God of Small Things, have won prestigious international literary awards. The book not only explores intricate family dynamics but also delves into the broader socio-political landscape of India. In summary, English literature is a testament to the enduring power of storytelling and the written word. It encompasses an array of authors, themes, and styles that continue to captivate and inspire readers across the world. - On the evening of the 10th, General Dyer arrived at Amritsar, and the Deputy-Commissioner handed over the civil power to him. He issued a proclamation by word of mouth that no meetings should be held. Two days later, after there had been no sort of riot, nor murder, General Dyer heard that a meeting was to be held at the Jallianwala Bagh. He proceeded there with about fifty troops, half British, half Indian, and a certain number of Ghurkas, armed with their kukris. The Jallianwala Bagh is an open space, half a mile square, which has one entry wide enough for three persons. The troops got in and lined up on a mound of debris. The walls, seven feet high, and the surrounding houses enclosed the people. There were, too, three alleys through which the people might have been able to pass. Within thirty seconds of the troops getting in, General Dyer gave orders to fire, and the crowd of people, estimated at anything from 5,000 to 20,000, who were sitting on the ground peacefully listening to the mob oratory, were fired on. The result of the troops’ fire into the mass of people we do not know. But we do know that Dyer’s own estimate of the casualties resulting from ten minutes continual individual firing, was 400 to 500 killed and 1,500 wounded. The people were not able to escape. They were people who had not offered any violence and who had not been warned. These people were shot down. After ten minutes, the ammunition was exhausted and the troops marched off, and they left 1,500 wounded there. There were men lying there for two days, dying of thirst, eating the ground, bleeding to death and nobody to look after them. Those who lived nearby came and carried away some of the wounded from the heap of dead and dying, but the unfortunate country people died there miserably of their wounds. This is what is done in 1919 in British India…
Centuries hence you will find Indian children brought up to this spot, just as they visit now the Cawnpore Well, and you can imagine the feelings of these Indians for generations over this terrible business.
[Col. Wedgwood, MP, speaking in the British Parliament, 22 December 1919]
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