Comprehension
When we hear the name SPACE, only one organization comes to mind: the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), located in Bengaluru, is the country's first space agency. ISRO was founded in 1969 with the goal of developing and utilizing space technology for national development while also conducting planetary exploration and space science research. The space research operations began in India in the early 1960s, at a time when satellite applications were still in the experimental stages in the United States. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the founding father of India's space programme, rapidly recognized the benefits of space technologies after the live transmission of the Tokyo Olympic Games across the Pacific by the American satellite 'Syncom-3' demonstrated the power of communication satellites. The ISRO has launched various spacecrafts like the Chandrayaan, Astrosat, Microsat, GSAT etc. The Government of India has also approved a regional spaceborne navigation system, which will consist of seven satellites. Out of these, four of them will be placed in geosynchronous inclined orbit of 29° relative to the equatorial plane. Such an arrangement would mean all seven satellites would have continuous radio visibility with Indian control stations.
Question: 1
Name the first dedicated mission launched by ISRO for studying the celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously.
Name the first dedicated mission launched by ISRO for studying the celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously.
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Amazonia
- Astrosat
- Gaganyaan-1
- Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
Show Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is B
Approach Solution - 1
The correct option is (B): Astrosat.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Show Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
Approach Solution -2
This question asks which ISRO mission was dedicated to observing celestial sources simultaneously across X-ray, optical, and UV wavelengths, and expects us to identify the correct name from the four options given.
- Amazonia: Amazonia is not an ISRO astronomy mission at all, it refers to Amazonia-1, a Brazilian earth-observation satellite that ISRO helped launch as a commercial payload, not a mission ISRO itself built for celestial, multi-wavelength observation.
- Astrosat: AstroSat, launched by ISRO in 2015, is described in the passage itself as one of ISRO's flagship spacecraft and is specifically India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory, designed to observe celestial sources simultaneously across X-ray, optical, and ultraviolet bands, exactly matching what the question describes.
- Gaganyaan-1: Gaganyaan is ISRO's human spaceflight programme, intended to send Indian astronauts into orbit, it is not an astronomy observation mission for studying celestial sources at all.
- Lunar Polar Exploration Mission: This is a planned joint India-Japan mission to explore the lunar south pole, focused on the Moon's surface and resources, not on multi-wavelength observation of celestial sources from orbit.
Only AstroSat matches both the multi-wavelength (X-ray, optical, UV) observation capability and the description of it as a dedicated, first-of-its-kind ISRO mission.
Therefore, the correct answer is Astrosat.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 2
APPLE, the first communication satellite of ISRO was launched from:
APPLE, the first communication satellite of ISRO was launched from:
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota
- TERLS, Thiruvananthapuram
- Kourou, French Guiana
- SSLV Launching Station, Tamil Nadu
Show Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is C
Approach Solution - 1
The correct option is (C): Kourou, French Guiana.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Show Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
Approach Solution -2
This question asks for the launch site of APPLE (Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment), described here as ISRO's first communication satellite, which was launched in 1981.
- Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota: This is ISRO's main, present-day launch site in Andhra Pradesh, but it was not yet ISRO's operational launch base for a satellite the size and orbit type of APPLE back in 1981, and APPLE was not launched from Indian soil at all.
- TERLS, Thiruvananthapuram: The Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station was India's earliest launch facility, but it was used for sounding rockets in the 1960s-70s, not for launching a communication satellite like APPLE into geostationary transfer orbit.
- Kourou, French Guiana: APPLE's name itself, Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment, signals the answer: it was launched aboard a European Ariane rocket, and Ariane rockets fly from the European Space Agency's spaceport at Kourou, French Guiana. India did not yet have the heavy-lift launch capability needed to put a geostationary communication satellite into orbit on its own in 1981, so ISRO used this French Guiana site via international collaboration.
- SSLV Launching Station, Tamil Nadu: The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) and its associated launch facility are recent developments, they did not exist in 1981 and are unrelated to APPLE's launch.
APPLE's own name points directly to an Ariane rocket launch, and Ariane rockets fly from Kourou, French Guiana, which is where India's first communication satellite experiment was actually sent into orbit.
Therefore, the correct answer is Kourou, French Guiana.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 3
Name the spacecraft that has been successfully sent into the space to probe into the planets in the solar system.
Name the spacecraft that has been successfully sent into the space to probe into the planets in the solar system.
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Sputnik 19
- Cosmos 482
- Pioneer-E
- Mariner 10
Show Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is D
Approach Solution - 1
The correct option is (D): Mariner 10.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Show Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
Approach Solution -2
This question asks which of the four named spacecraft actually succeeded in probing the planets of the solar system, so we need to check the fate of each mission rather than just the mission's intended purpose.
- Sputnik 19: This was a Soviet spacecraft in the Venera programme intended to head towards Venus, but it failed to leave Earth orbit due to a malfunction and never completed its planetary mission, and so it was designated under the generic "Sputnik" cover name rather than "Venera" because of that failure.
- Cosmos 482: This was another Soviet Venus probe whose upper stage failed to fire correctly, leaving it stranded in Earth orbit rather than sending it on to Venus, another mission that did not achieve its planetary objective.
- Pioneer-E: This US spacecraft was lost due to a launch vehicle failure and never reached orbit or space at all, making it one of the clearest failures among the four options.
- Mariner 10: Mariner 10, launched in 1973, is the mission that actually succeeded, it used a gravity-assist flyby of Venus to reach Mercury, becoming the first spacecraft to visit Mercury and returning valuable data and images from both planets.
Of the four spacecraft, only Mariner 10 actually completed a successful planetary encounter, the other three all failed before reaching their planetary targets.
Therefore, the correct answer is Mariner 10.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 4
The first successful Nuclear Bomb test conducted by India in 1974, is called the:
The first successful Nuclear Bomb test conducted by India in 1974, is called the:
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Prithvi
- Pokhran-II
- Smiling Buddha
- Surya
Show Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is C
Approach Solution - 1
The correct option is (C): Smiling Buddha.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Show Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
Approach Solution -2
The question asks for the codename given to India's first successful nuclear weapons test, carried out in 1974. Let's assess each option.
- Prithvi: Prithvi is the name of a family of short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missiles developed by India under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme, first tested in 1988. It is a missile system, not a nuclear test, so it does not fit the description of a 1974 nuclear test.
- Pokhran-II: Pokhran-II refers to the series of five nuclear tests India conducted in May 1998 at the Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan, under Operation Shakti. Although it shares the Pokhran test site with the 1974 explosion, Pokhran-II happened 24 years later and is a separate, later round of tests, so it cannot be the answer to a question about the 1974 test.
- Smiling Buddha: Smiling Buddha was the official codename for India's first nuclear weapons test, carried out on 18 May 1974 at Pokhran, Rajasthan. It was described at the time as a peaceful nuclear explosion and made India the sixth country in the world to conduct a successful nuclear test. This matches the description in the question exactly, both in year and outcome.
- Surya: Surya is the name associated with a proposed long-range missile project, not a nuclear test. There is no confirmed nuclear detonation carried out under this name, so it does not match the question.
Only one option refers to an actual nuclear test conducted in 1974, and that is the operation codenamed Smiling Buddha.
Therefore, the correct answer is Smiling Buddha.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 5
NaviC covers India and region extending:
NaviC covers India and region extending:
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- 1,500 Km
- 2,000 Km
- 7,000 Km
- 1,000 Km
Show Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is A
Approach Solution - 1
The correct option is (D): 7,000 Km.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Show Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
Approach Solution -2
The question is about the coverage area of NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation), India's own regional satellite navigation system. Let's look at each distance option.
- 1,500 Km: NavIC is designed as a regional system, and its stated primary service area covers the Indian landmass along with a region extending up to 1,500 km beyond India's borders. This is the officially cited coverage figure for the system and matches the scope of a regional navigation constellation rather than a global one.
- 2,000 Km: This figure overstates NavIC's actual regional coverage. NavIC was never designed with a service boundary this large; its footprint is deliberately limited around the Indian subcontinent.
- 7,000 Km: A range of this size would extend well beyond South Asia into other continents, which does not correspond to NavIC's purpose as a regional system. NavIC does not attempt to match the global reach of systems like GPS or GLONASS.
- 1,000 Km: While closer to the correct figure than the other distractors, this understates the actual buffer zone that NavIC's documentation specifies around the Indian mainland.
Based on this, the coverage figure that correctly describes NavIC's service area is 1,500 km beyond India's borders.
Therefore, the correct answer is 1,500 Km.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Top CLAT Questions
- In the realm of contemporary literature, the interplay between character and setting is a nuanced dance that shapes the narrative’s essence. The setting, often described with painstaking detail, becomes more than a backdrop; it becomes a character, influencing the plot and character development.
Consider, for instance, the barren expanse of the desert in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake. The arid landscape mirrors the sense of isolation felt by the protagonist, Gogol, as he navigates his identity crisis in a foreign land. The relentless sun and vast sands are not mere descriptions; they are the silent witnesses to his inner turmoil.
On the other end of the literary spectrum, there is Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things. The lush, vibrant Kerala backwaters are not just the setting; they are a character woven into the fabric of the story. The teeming, humid landscape reflects the complex web of human relationships and secrets that unravel in the narrative. This interplay is not confined to contemporary literature alone. In Shakespeare’s timeless tragedy Macbeth, the eerie and foreboding setting of the Scottish moors casts a dark shadow over the characters’ actions. The moors, shrouded in mist and mystery, serve as an ever-present omen of the impending tragedy. - The crisis of justice that is the subject matter of discussion in the media today is in fact the crisis of “justice for the middle class”. The main difference between India and the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries is that whereas the middle class in these countries has reasonable access to justice, in India it does not. A vocal and powerful middle class has emerged in India since 1991. It is demanding reasonable access to justice. Much of the judicial reform effort will help meet this demand…
The question of justice for the poor is, however, an altogether different challenge. No country in the world has been able to secure justice for the poor. Most of the jails of the richest countries are filled with the poorest. The “masses” are more often victims of the criminal justice system than of crime. In India as well, jails are almost exclusively filled with the poor. The civil justice system is hardly accessible to them. They are often victimised by lawyers, touts and court staff. They are docket-excluded, a new type of untouchability. The language and the logic—and the colonial and feudal culture—of the judicial system are alien to them. It rarely takes cognisance of their needs and interests.
Their main concern, therefore, is to escape the attention of the justice system, criminal and civil. A landless Dalit person in the interior of Madhya Pradesh once gave me an insightful definition of a court from the perspective of the masses: “A court is a place where you are forcibly taken by the police to be punished; no one goes to a court.” In contrast, many lawyers and judges colloquially define a court as “a temple of justice where rights are protected”.
These sharply divergent visions mean that justice for one section is often injustice for another. Protecting the livelihood of traditional taxi and auto drivers from predatory pricing by corporate app-based taxi providers by imaginatively using the available tools of law to delay their incursion would be seen by the rich and by sections of the middle class as a failure of the judicial system, and possibly as also resulting in a downgrading of the “ease of doing business” measure. However, the masses would see such a judicial intervention as strong evidence of a good justice system. Although the conflict over competing visions of the nation and conflicting demands from social and economic segments have confined judicial reform of judicial administration mainly to “neutral” areas such as process reform, procedural law, technology, planning and court and case management, judge strength, and the workload of judges, there has been considerable improvement in these areas, and the judicial system has improved its performance.
[Extracted, with edits, from “Justice and the Two Ideas of India”, by G. Mohan Gopal, Frontline] - Everything she wanted was here, at Carignano, in Kasauli. Here, on the ridge of the mountain, in this quiet house. It was the place, and the time of life, that she had wanted and prepared for all her life-as she realized on the first day at Carignano, with a great, cool flowering of relief - and at last she had it. She wanted no one and nothing else. Whatever else came, or happened here, would be an unwelcome intrusion and distraction. This she tried to convey to the plodding postman with a cold and piercing stare from the height of the ridge onto his honest bull back. Unfortunately, he did not look up at her on the hilltop but stared stolidly down at the dust piling onto his shoes as he plodded on. A bullock-man, an oafish ox, she thought bitterly. She stepped backwards into the garden and the wind suddenly billowed up and threw the pine branches about as though to curtain her. She was grey, tall and thin and her silk sari made a sweeping, shivering sound and she fancied she could merge with the pine trees and be mistaken for one. To be a tree, no more and no less, was all she was prepared to undertake.
What pleased and satisfied her so, here at Carignano, was its barrenness. This was the chief virtue of all Kasauli of course-its starkness. It had rocks, it had pines, it had light and air. In every direction there was a sweeping view - to the north, of the mountains, to the south, of the plains. Occasionally an eagle swam through this clear unobstructed mass of light and air, that was all. And Carignano, her home on the ridge, had no more than that. Why should it? The sun shone on its white walls. Its windows were open the ones facing north opened on to the blue waves of the Himalayas flowing out and up to the line of ice and snow sketched upon the sky, while those that faced south looked down the plunging cliff to the plain stretching out, flat and sere to the blurred horizon.
Yes, there were some apricot trees close to the house. There were clumps of iris that had finished blooming. There was the kitchen with a wing of smoke lifting out of its chimney and a stack of wood outside its door. But these were incidental, almost unimportant.
[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from “Fire on the Mountain” by Anita Desai] - English literature is a vast and diverse field that has left an indelible mark on the world of letters. From the eloquent plays of William Shakespeare to the complex novels of Jane Austen and the profound poetry of William Wordsworth, English literature offers a window into the human experience. One of the luminaries of English literature is William Shakespeare, often hailed as the greatest playwright in the history of English language. His works, including Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet, are celebrated for their exploration of human nature, love, ambition, and tragedy. His characters, such as the tormented Hamlet and the star-crossed lovers Romeo and Juliet, continue to captivate readers and audiences worldwide.
The 19th century ushered in a new era of literary giants. Jane Austen’s novels, such as Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility, provide incisive social commentary through the lens of wit and romance. Austen’s heroines, like Elizabeth Bennet and Elinor Dashwood, remain beloved literary figures known for their intelligence and resilience. The Romantic era brought forth poets like William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who celebrated * 8 UG the beauty of nature and the emotional intensity of the individual. Wordsworth’s ‘‘I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud’’ and Coleridge’s ‘‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’’ are testament to the power of the written words to evoke profound emotions and imagery. Moving towards 20th century, English literature continued to evolve. Virginia Woolf’s ground-breaking novel Mrs. Dalloway explored the inner thoughts and lives of its characters with a modernist narrative style. Dystopian visions, as seen in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four provided stark warnings about the dangers of totalitarianism and the erosion of individual freedom.
Today, English literature is a global phenomenon, transcending borders and languages. Indian authors like Arundhati Roy, with her novel The God of Small Things, have won prestigious international literary awards. The book not only explores intricate family dynamics but also delves into the broader socio-political landscape of India. In summary, English literature is a testament to the enduring power of storytelling and the written word. It encompasses an array of authors, themes, and styles that continue to captivate and inspire readers across the world. - On the evening of the 10th, General Dyer arrived at Amritsar, and the Deputy-Commissioner handed over the civil power to him. He issued a proclamation by word of mouth that no meetings should be held. Two days later, after there had been no sort of riot, nor murder, General Dyer heard that a meeting was to be held at the Jallianwala Bagh. He proceeded there with about fifty troops, half British, half Indian, and a certain number of Ghurkas, armed with their kukris. The Jallianwala Bagh is an open space, half a mile square, which has one entry wide enough for three persons. The troops got in and lined up on a mound of debris. The walls, seven feet high, and the surrounding houses enclosed the people. There were, too, three alleys through which the people might have been able to pass. Within thirty seconds of the troops getting in, General Dyer gave orders to fire, and the crowd of people, estimated at anything from 5,000 to 20,000, who were sitting on the ground peacefully listening to the mob oratory, were fired on. The result of the troops’ fire into the mass of people we do not know. But we do know that Dyer’s own estimate of the casualties resulting from ten minutes continual individual firing, was 400 to 500 killed and 1,500 wounded. The people were not able to escape. They were people who had not offered any violence and who had not been warned. These people were shot down. After ten minutes, the ammunition was exhausted and the troops marched off, and they left 1,500 wounded there. There were men lying there for two days, dying of thirst, eating the ground, bleeding to death and nobody to look after them. Those who lived nearby came and carried away some of the wounded from the heap of dead and dying, but the unfortunate country people died there miserably of their wounds. This is what is done in 1919 in British India…
Centuries hence you will find Indian children brought up to this spot, just as they visit now the Cawnpore Well, and you can imagine the feelings of these Indians for generations over this terrible business.
[Col. Wedgwood, MP, speaking in the British Parliament, 22 December 1919]
View More Questions