Comprehension
The Supreme Court of India declared that the right to privacy is a fundamental right and that the right to informational privacy is part of this right. Subsequently, the Parliament of India enacted a new law relating to digital personal data protection. The law applies to Indian residents and businesses collecting the data of Indian residents. It also applies to non-citizens living in India whose data processing is "in connection with any activity related to the offering of goods or services" that happens outside India. The law allows personal data to be processed for any lawful purpose. If the personal data is sensitive, then additional safeguards are to be observed. The entity processing data can do so either by taking the concerned individual's consent or for "legitimate uses". which include situations where an individual has voluntarily provided personal data for a specified purpose. The law requires that an individual's consent must be "free, specific, informed, unconditional and unambiguous with a clear affirmative action" and for a specific purpose. The data collected has to be limited to that necessary for the specified purpose. A clear notice containing these details has to be provided to consumers, including the rights of the concerned individual and the grievance redressal mechanism. Individuals have the right to withdraw consent if consent is the ground on which data is being processed. The law also creates rights and obligations for individuals. These include the right to get a summary of all the collected data and to know the identities of all other entities/organisations with whom the personal data has been shared, along with a description of the data shared. Individuals also have the right to correction. completion, updating, and erasure of their data. Besides, they have a right to obtain redressal for their grievances and a right to nominate persons who will receive their data. [Excerpts from Anirudh Burman, "Understanding India's New Data Protection Law", CARNEGIE INDIA, October 03, 2023]
Question: 1
A startup provides a health-tracking app that collects sensitive health data from users. Under the digital personal data protection law in India, what additional precautions must the startup take compared to regular personal data?
A startup provides a health-tracking app that collects sensitive health data from users. Under the digital personal data protection law in India, what additional precautions must the startup take compared to regular personal data?
Updated On: Sep 10, 2025
- No additional measures are needed
- Ensure explicit consent and adopt higher security standards
- Store the data only with the government agencies
- Store the data only with the hospitals and other health care institutions
Show Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
The digital personal data protection law in India emphasizes additional precautions for handling sensitive health data compared to regular personal data. Here’s a breakdown based on the provided comprehension:
- Explicit Consent: The startup must ensure that explicit consent is obtained from users. This consent has to be "free, specific, informed, unconditional, and unambiguous with a clear affirmative action" and must be specific to the purpose of data collection.
- Higher Security Standards: Additional security measures need to be implemented to adequately protect sensitive health data. This includes adopting higher security standards than those required for regular personal data.
- Notice and Purpose Limitation: A clear notice containing details about data processing, including rights and grievance redressal mechanisms, must be provided. The data collected should be limited to what is necessary for the specified purpose.
- Data Subject Rights: Users have the right to withdraw consent, rectify or erase data, and obtain a summary of their data and details of its sharing with third parties.
Therefore, the correct approach for the startup under Indian law is to:
Ensure explicit consent and adopt higher security standards.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 2
As per the passage, what are the rights included under the digital data protection law of India?
As per the passage, what are the rights included under the digital data protection law of India?
Updated On: Sep 10, 2025
- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
- 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6
- 1, 3, 5 and 6
- 1, 2, 3, and 6
Show Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The digital data protection law of India encompasses several rights for individuals regarding their personal data. The specified rights include:
- The right to obtain a summary of all collected data and to be informed of the identities of third-party entities with whom their data has been shared, along with a description of the data.
- The right to correction, completion, updating, and erasure of their personal data.
- The right to withdraw consent if it forms the basis for data processing, ensuring it is "free, specific, informed, unconditional and unambiguous with a clear affirmative action" for a specified purpose.
- The right to obtain redressal for grievances related to their personal data.
- The right to nominate individuals who will receive their data.
The correct answer, indicating the rights mentioned above, corresponds to the option:1, 2, 3, and 6.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 3
An Indian company collects personal data from its users to provide personalized services. The company intends to share this data with a third-party vendor for targeted advertisements. Under the digital personal data protection law in India, what must the company do before sharing the data?
An Indian company collects personal data from its users to provide personalized services. The company intends to share this data with a third-party vendor for targeted advertisements. Under the digital personal data protection law in India, what must the company do before sharing the data?
Updated On: Sep 10, 2025
- Obtain explicit consent from the users
- Share the data by inferring the uses, as it is for business purposes
- Encrypt the data and share it with the third-party vendor
- Inform the third-party vendor that the data is sensitive
Show Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
Under the digital personal data protection law in India, when a company intends to share personal data with a third-party vendor, it must adhere to certain legal protocols to ensure compliance with privacy standards. The steps the Indian company should follow before sharing personal data are:
- Obtain Explicit Consent: The company must secure explicit consent from users whose data is to be shared. The law mandates that the consent should be "free, specific, informed, unconditional and unambiguous with a clear affirmative action" and related to a specific purpose.
- Provide a Clear Notice: The company must provide consumers with a clear and comprehensive notice about what data will be collected, how it will be used, the identities of third parties involved, and the rights afforded to the individuals.
- Inform About Rights and Grievance Mechanism: Users must be informed about their rights concerning data protection, such as the right to withdraw consent and the redressal mechanism available for grievances.
- Limit Data Collection: The collected data should be limited to what is necessary for the specified purpose as addressed when obtaining user consent.
In summary, the company must focus primarily on obtaining explicit consent from users before data-sharing activities with the third-party vendor. This approach ensures the company aligns with the legal requirements and respects user privacy.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 4
A social media platform processes user data based on the consent given during account creation. A user now wishes to withdraw consent to process their data. Under the digital personal data protection law in India, what must the platform do?
A social media platform processes user data based on the consent given during account creation. A user now wishes to withdraw consent to process their data. Under the digital personal data protection law in India, what must the platform do?
Updated On: Sep 10, 2025
- Refuse to accept the withdrawal request since consent was already given
- Comply with the legal requirements and stop processing the data
- Continue processing the data but notify the user
- Allow withdrawal only after 30 days
Show Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
The digital personal data protection law in India provides specific guidelines regarding the handling of user consent. According to this law, individuals have the right to withdraw their consent for data processing. The main aspects of the law relevant to this situation include:
- Fundamental Right to Privacy: The Indian Supreme Court has established that the right to privacy is a fundamental right, including informational privacy.
- User Rights: The law grants users the right to withdraw their consent for data processing at any time if their data processing is based on consent.
- Compliance Obligation: Once withdrawal of consent is requested, the data processor (in this case, the social media platform) must comply with the legal requirements and stop processing the individual's data.
- Grievance Redressal Mechanism: The platform must also provide a clear notice to the users about their rights and the grievance redressal mechanisms.
Given that the user wishes to withdraw consent, the platform is legally obligated to comply with the legal requirements and stop processing the data. This ensures adherence to user rights under the digital personal data protection law in India.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 5
A financial institution collects biometric data from its clients for verification purposes. If the clients wish to know what data has been collected, under the digital personal data protection law in India, what right allows them to request this information?
A financial institution collects biometric data from its clients for verification purposes. If the clients wish to know what data has been collected, under the digital personal data protection law in India, what right allows them to request this information?
Updated On: Sep 10, 2025
- Right to Data Portability
- Right to Correction
- Right to Access
- Right to be Forgotten
Show Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
According to the digital personal data protection law in India, individuals have been granted several rights concerning their personal data. One of these rights is particularly relevant when a client or individual seeks to know what data has been collected by a financial institution for verification purposes. This right is known as the "Right to Access".
The "Right to Access" enables individuals to request and obtain information concerning their personal data that has been collected by any entity. This includes the capability to receive a summary of all the data collected, as well as insights into who else might have received their data. This right is part of a broader attempt to ensure transparency and control for individuals over their personal data.
| Rights | Description |
|---|---|
| Right to Data Portability | Enables the transfer of data from one service provider to another. |
| Right to Correction | Allows individuals to correct inaccurate personal data. |
| Right to Access | Allows individuals to request and obtain information about their data collected by entities. |
| Right to be Forgotten | Permits the erasure of personal data when it is no longer necessary. |
Hence, when clients wish to know what biometric or other data a financial institution has collected about them, they can exercise their "Right to Access" to request this information.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Top CLAT Questions
- In the realm of contemporary literature, the interplay between character and setting is a nuanced dance that shapes the narrative’s essence. The setting, often described with painstaking detail, becomes more than a backdrop; it becomes a character, influencing the plot and character development.
Consider, for instance, the barren expanse of the desert in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake. The arid landscape mirrors the sense of isolation felt by the protagonist, Gogol, as he navigates his identity crisis in a foreign land. The relentless sun and vast sands are not mere descriptions; they are the silent witnesses to his inner turmoil.
On the other end of the literary spectrum, there is Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things. The lush, vibrant Kerala backwaters are not just the setting; they are a character woven into the fabric of the story. The teeming, humid landscape reflects the complex web of human relationships and secrets that unravel in the narrative. This interplay is not confined to contemporary literature alone. In Shakespeare’s timeless tragedy Macbeth, the eerie and foreboding setting of the Scottish moors casts a dark shadow over the characters’ actions. The moors, shrouded in mist and mystery, serve as an ever-present omen of the impending tragedy. - The crisis of justice that is the subject matter of discussion in the media today is in fact the crisis of “justice for the middle class”. The main difference between India and the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries is that whereas the middle class in these countries has reasonable access to justice, in India it does not. A vocal and powerful middle class has emerged in India since 1991. It is demanding reasonable access to justice. Much of the judicial reform effort will help meet this demand…
The question of justice for the poor is, however, an altogether different challenge. No country in the world has been able to secure justice for the poor. Most of the jails of the richest countries are filled with the poorest. The “masses” are more often victims of the criminal justice system than of crime. In India as well, jails are almost exclusively filled with the poor. The civil justice system is hardly accessible to them. They are often victimised by lawyers, touts and court staff. They are docket-excluded, a new type of untouchability. The language and the logic—and the colonial and feudal culture—of the judicial system are alien to them. It rarely takes cognisance of their needs and interests.
Their main concern, therefore, is to escape the attention of the justice system, criminal and civil. A landless Dalit person in the interior of Madhya Pradesh once gave me an insightful definition of a court from the perspective of the masses: “A court is a place where you are forcibly taken by the police to be punished; no one goes to a court.” In contrast, many lawyers and judges colloquially define a court as “a temple of justice where rights are protected”.
These sharply divergent visions mean that justice for one section is often injustice for another. Protecting the livelihood of traditional taxi and auto drivers from predatory pricing by corporate app-based taxi providers by imaginatively using the available tools of law to delay their incursion would be seen by the rich and by sections of the middle class as a failure of the judicial system, and possibly as also resulting in a downgrading of the “ease of doing business” measure. However, the masses would see such a judicial intervention as strong evidence of a good justice system. Although the conflict over competing visions of the nation and conflicting demands from social and economic segments have confined judicial reform of judicial administration mainly to “neutral” areas such as process reform, procedural law, technology, planning and court and case management, judge strength, and the workload of judges, there has been considerable improvement in these areas, and the judicial system has improved its performance.
[Extracted, with edits, from “Justice and the Two Ideas of India”, by G. Mohan Gopal, Frontline] - Everything she wanted was here, at Carignano, in Kasauli. Here, on the ridge of the mountain, in this quiet house. It was the place, and the time of life, that she had wanted and prepared for all her life-as she realized on the first day at Carignano, with a great, cool flowering of relief - and at last she had it. She wanted no one and nothing else. Whatever else came, or happened here, would be an unwelcome intrusion and distraction. This she tried to convey to the plodding postman with a cold and piercing stare from the height of the ridge onto his honest bull back. Unfortunately, he did not look up at her on the hilltop but stared stolidly down at the dust piling onto his shoes as he plodded on. A bullock-man, an oafish ox, she thought bitterly. She stepped backwards into the garden and the wind suddenly billowed up and threw the pine branches about as though to curtain her. She was grey, tall and thin and her silk sari made a sweeping, shivering sound and she fancied she could merge with the pine trees and be mistaken for one. To be a tree, no more and no less, was all she was prepared to undertake.
What pleased and satisfied her so, here at Carignano, was its barrenness. This was the chief virtue of all Kasauli of course-its starkness. It had rocks, it had pines, it had light and air. In every direction there was a sweeping view - to the north, of the mountains, to the south, of the plains. Occasionally an eagle swam through this clear unobstructed mass of light and air, that was all. And Carignano, her home on the ridge, had no more than that. Why should it? The sun shone on its white walls. Its windows were open the ones facing north opened on to the blue waves of the Himalayas flowing out and up to the line of ice and snow sketched upon the sky, while those that faced south looked down the plunging cliff to the plain stretching out, flat and sere to the blurred horizon.
Yes, there were some apricot trees close to the house. There were clumps of iris that had finished blooming. There was the kitchen with a wing of smoke lifting out of its chimney and a stack of wood outside its door. But these were incidental, almost unimportant.
[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from “Fire on the Mountain” by Anita Desai] - English literature is a vast and diverse field that has left an indelible mark on the world of letters. From the eloquent plays of William Shakespeare to the complex novels of Jane Austen and the profound poetry of William Wordsworth, English literature offers a window into the human experience. One of the luminaries of English literature is William Shakespeare, often hailed as the greatest playwright in the history of English language. His works, including Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet, are celebrated for their exploration of human nature, love, ambition, and tragedy. His characters, such as the tormented Hamlet and the star-crossed lovers Romeo and Juliet, continue to captivate readers and audiences worldwide.
The 19th century ushered in a new era of literary giants. Jane Austen’s novels, such as Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility, provide incisive social commentary through the lens of wit and romance. Austen’s heroines, like Elizabeth Bennet and Elinor Dashwood, remain beloved literary figures known for their intelligence and resilience. The Romantic era brought forth poets like William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who celebrated * 8 UG the beauty of nature and the emotional intensity of the individual. Wordsworth’s ‘‘I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud’’ and Coleridge’s ‘‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’’ are testament to the power of the written words to evoke profound emotions and imagery. Moving towards 20th century, English literature continued to evolve. Virginia Woolf’s ground-breaking novel Mrs. Dalloway explored the inner thoughts and lives of its characters with a modernist narrative style. Dystopian visions, as seen in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four provided stark warnings about the dangers of totalitarianism and the erosion of individual freedom.
Today, English literature is a global phenomenon, transcending borders and languages. Indian authors like Arundhati Roy, with her novel The God of Small Things, have won prestigious international literary awards. The book not only explores intricate family dynamics but also delves into the broader socio-political landscape of India. In summary, English literature is a testament to the enduring power of storytelling and the written word. It encompasses an array of authors, themes, and styles that continue to captivate and inspire readers across the world. - On the evening of the 10th, General Dyer arrived at Amritsar, and the Deputy-Commissioner handed over the civil power to him. He issued a proclamation by word of mouth that no meetings should be held. Two days later, after there had been no sort of riot, nor murder, General Dyer heard that a meeting was to be held at the Jallianwala Bagh. He proceeded there with about fifty troops, half British, half Indian, and a certain number of Ghurkas, armed with their kukris. The Jallianwala Bagh is an open space, half a mile square, which has one entry wide enough for three persons. The troops got in and lined up on a mound of debris. The walls, seven feet high, and the surrounding houses enclosed the people. There were, too, three alleys through which the people might have been able to pass. Within thirty seconds of the troops getting in, General Dyer gave orders to fire, and the crowd of people, estimated at anything from 5,000 to 20,000, who were sitting on the ground peacefully listening to the mob oratory, were fired on. The result of the troops’ fire into the mass of people we do not know. But we do know that Dyer’s own estimate of the casualties resulting from ten minutes continual individual firing, was 400 to 500 killed and 1,500 wounded. The people were not able to escape. They were people who had not offered any violence and who had not been warned. These people were shot down. After ten minutes, the ammunition was exhausted and the troops marched off, and they left 1,500 wounded there. There were men lying there for two days, dying of thirst, eating the ground, bleeding to death and nobody to look after them. Those who lived nearby came and carried away some of the wounded from the heap of dead and dying, but the unfortunate country people died there miserably of their wounds. This is what is done in 1919 in British India…
Centuries hence you will find Indian children brought up to this spot, just as they visit now the Cawnpore Well, and you can imagine the feelings of these Indians for generations over this terrible business.
[Col. Wedgwood, MP, speaking in the British Parliament, 22 December 1919]
View More Questions