Comprehension
The Government may defer the deadline for companies to deposit the unspent portion of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds into specified bank accounts in a move aimed at providing some relief in the fight against the COVID-19 and subsequent restrictions. Companies are required to spend at least 2% of their average net profit of the preceding within three financial years on CSR. The Ministry has allowed firms to undertake projects on an ongoing basis on the condition that any unspent amount must be deposited with a scheduled bank within 30 days of the end of the financial year. "Considering the current crisis, we request your esteemed office to consider relaxation by providing extension of the timelines up to June 30, 2021," the Institute of Company Secretaries of India said in a letter to the Ministry. Experts said that while lockdowns and restrictions are less stringent than last year and companies have adapted to working online, many professionals or their families have been affected by the infection, leaving teams short-staffed.
Question: 1
Which of the following is the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiative of the erstwhile Facebook India to promote women entrepreneurship?
Which of the following is the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiative of the erstwhile Facebook India to promote women entrepreneurship?
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Shakti
- Pragati
- Lean In
- Marching Forward
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The Correct Option is B
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The correct option is (B): Pragati.
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The question asks which programme was the CSR initiative of the erstwhile Facebook India (now Meta) aimed at promoting women entrepreneurship. Let's examine each option:
- Shakti: "Shakti" is used as a name across several unrelated government schemes (Drone Shakti, Sagarshakti, etc.) but it is not the name Facebook India used for its women entrepreneurship initiative.
- Pragati: "Pragati", meaning "progress", was the name Facebook India gave to its programme supporting women entrepreneurs, helping them build digital skills and grow their businesses online. This matches the initiative described in the question.
- Lean In: "Lean In" is the name of a global women's empowerment organisation founded by Sheryl Sandberg, Facebook's former COO, in her personal capacity, not a CSR programme run by Facebook India itself.
- Marching Forward: This is not the name of any documented Facebook India CSR programme; it does not correspond to any real initiative on record.
Since "Pragati" is the only option that is documented as Facebook India's own CSR initiative for women entrepreneurs, it is the correct choice.
Therefore, the correct answer is Pragati.
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Question: 2
In 2019, which of the following Committees recommended that CSR expenditure should be made tax deductible expenditure?
In 2019, which of the following Committees recommended that CSR expenditure should be made tax deductible expenditure?
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Company Laws Committee
- High Level Committee on Reform of Indian Company Law
- High Level Committee on Corporate Social Responsibility
- Committee for Reforms in Corporate Social Responsibility in India
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The Correct Option is C
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The correct option is (C): High Level Committee on Corporate Social Responsibility.
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The question asks which committee, in 2019, recommended making CSR expenditure a tax-deductible expense. Let's assess each option:
- Company Laws Committee: The Company Law Committee (CLC) has, from time to time, examined provisions of the Companies Act, 2013, including CSR compliance and penal provisions, but its reports have not centred on recommending tax deductibility of CSR spend.
- High Level Committee on Reform of Indian Company Law: This committee, chaired by Dr. J.J. Irani, worked on broader company law reform well before CSR became a statutory requirement under the 2013 Act; it is not the body associated with the 2019 tax-deductibility recommendation.
- High Level Committee on Corporate Social Responsibility: This committee, set up by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs and chaired by Injeti Srinivas, specifically reviewed the CSR framework and in its 2018-19 report recommended, among other things, that CSR expenditure be made tax deductible to encourage greater voluntary compliance.
- Committee for Reforms in Corporate Social Responsibility in India: No such formally constituted, distinctly named body exists in the official record on CSR reform; it does not match any recognised committee report from this period.
The recommendation on tax deductibility of CSR spend is specifically traceable to the High Level Committee on Corporate Social Responsibility.
Therefore, the correct answer is High Level Committee on Corporate Social Responsibility.
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Question: 3
CAWACH is an initiative by the National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India stands for the:
CAWACH is an initiative by the National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India stands for the:
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Centre for Alleviating Waning Healthcare Companies
- Centre for Augmenting Wound-up Healthcare Companies
- Centre for Augmenting WAR with COVID-19 Health Crisis
- Centre for Alleviating Withering Healthcare Companies
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The Correct Option is C
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The correct option is (C): Centre for Augmenting WAR with COVID-19 Health Crisis.
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The question asks what the abbreviation CAWACH stands for, an initiative of the National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB). Let's break down each option against the acronym C-A-W-A-C-H:
- Centre for Alleviating Waning Healthcare Companies: This phrasing does not correctly map onto the CAWACH acronym, and "waning healthcare companies" is not the actual thrust of the scheme, which is about crisis response rather than company revival.
- Centre for Augmenting Wound-up Healthcare Companies: "Wound-up" companies is not the real subject of this initiative either; CAWACH was set up to support entrepreneurial responses to a health crisis, not to revive closed businesses.
- Centre for Augmenting WAR with COVID-19 Health Crisis: This expansion correctly matches every letter of CAWACH, Centre for Augmenting WAR (with) COVID-19 Health crisis, and accurately reflects the scheme's real purpose: supporting start-ups and incubators developing solutions to fight the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Centre for Alleviating Withering Healthcare Companies: Like option A, this does not correctly expand the acronym and misstates the initiative's actual focus.
Only one option both fits the letters of the acronym and correctly describes the scheme's COVID-19-response purpose.
Therefore, the correct answer is Centre for Augmenting WAR with COVID-19 Health Crisis.
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Question: 4
On January 22, 2021 the Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility Policy) Amendment Rules, 2021 were notified by the:
On January 22, 2021 the Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility Policy) Amendment Rules, 2021 were notified by the:
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Ministry of Finance
- Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
- Ministry of Law and Justice
- Ministry of Corporate Affairs
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The Correct Option is D
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The correct option is (D): Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
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The question asks which authority notified the Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility Policy) Amendment Rules, 2021 on January 22, 2021. Let's consider each option:
- Ministry of Finance: The Ministry of Finance deals with taxation, budgeting, and financial regulation; it does not administer the Companies Act, 2013 or its subordinate CSR rules.
- Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment: This ministry is concerned with welfare schemes for marginalised sections of society, not with company law compliance or CSR rule-making, so it is not the notifying authority here.
- Ministry of Law and Justice: While this ministry handles legislative drafting and the judiciary in general, subordinate rules under a specific statute like the Companies Act are notified by the ministry that administers that statute, not by the Law Ministry.
- Ministry of Corporate Affairs: The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) administers the Companies Act, 2013, including Section 135 on CSR. All CSR-related rules, including the 2021 amendment rules that reformed CSR compliance and reporting, are notified by the MCA.
Since CSR falls squarely within the Companies Act framework administered by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, it is this ministry that notified the 2021 amendment rules.
Therefore, the correct answer is Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
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Question: 5
The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has instituted an award to select companies to recognize corporate initiatives in the area of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to achieve inclusive growth and inclusive and sustainable development. The name of the award is:
The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has instituted an award to select companies to recognize corporate initiatives in the area of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to achieve inclusive growth and inclusive and sustainable development. The name of the award is:
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- National Corporate Social Responsibility Awards
- National Awards for Excellence in Social Responsibility
- National Awards for Corporate Excellence in Social Responsibility
- National Awards for Excellence in Inclusive Growth and Sustainable Development
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The Correct Option is A
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The correct option is (A): National Corporate Social Responsibility Awards.
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The question asks for the exact name of the award instituted by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs to recognise companies for outstanding CSR work. Let's look at each option:
- National Corporate Social Responsibility Awards: This is the actual, formally instituted award given by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs to recognise companies for excellence in CSR, covering categories tied to inclusive growth and sustainable development.
- National Awards for Excellence in Social Responsibility: This name drops the word "Corporate" and does not match the official title used by the Ministry; it is a close-sounding distractor rather than the real award name.
- National Awards for Corporate Excellence in Social Responsibility: This rearranges the wording of the real title into a different, non-official phrasing; the actual award is not styled this way.
- National Awards for Excellence in Inclusive Growth and Sustainable Development: This description borrows the goals mentioned in the question's framing (inclusive growth, sustainable development) but is not the formal name of the award itself.
Only the precise, officially used title matches what the Ministry of Corporate Affairs actually calls this recognition.
Therefore, the correct answer is National Corporate Social Responsibility Awards.
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Top CLAT Questions
- In the realm of contemporary literature, the interplay between character and setting is a nuanced dance that shapes the narrative’s essence. The setting, often described with painstaking detail, becomes more than a backdrop; it becomes a character, influencing the plot and character development.
Consider, for instance, the barren expanse of the desert in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake. The arid landscape mirrors the sense of isolation felt by the protagonist, Gogol, as he navigates his identity crisis in a foreign land. The relentless sun and vast sands are not mere descriptions; they are the silent witnesses to his inner turmoil.
On the other end of the literary spectrum, there is Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things. The lush, vibrant Kerala backwaters are not just the setting; they are a character woven into the fabric of the story. The teeming, humid landscape reflects the complex web of human relationships and secrets that unravel in the narrative. This interplay is not confined to contemporary literature alone. In Shakespeare’s timeless tragedy Macbeth, the eerie and foreboding setting of the Scottish moors casts a dark shadow over the characters’ actions. The moors, shrouded in mist and mystery, serve as an ever-present omen of the impending tragedy. - The crisis of justice that is the subject matter of discussion in the media today is in fact the crisis of “justice for the middle class”. The main difference between India and the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries is that whereas the middle class in these countries has reasonable access to justice, in India it does not. A vocal and powerful middle class has emerged in India since 1991. It is demanding reasonable access to justice. Much of the judicial reform effort will help meet this demand…
The question of justice for the poor is, however, an altogether different challenge. No country in the world has been able to secure justice for the poor. Most of the jails of the richest countries are filled with the poorest. The “masses” are more often victims of the criminal justice system than of crime. In India as well, jails are almost exclusively filled with the poor. The civil justice system is hardly accessible to them. They are often victimised by lawyers, touts and court staff. They are docket-excluded, a new type of untouchability. The language and the logic—and the colonial and feudal culture—of the judicial system are alien to them. It rarely takes cognisance of their needs and interests.
Their main concern, therefore, is to escape the attention of the justice system, criminal and civil. A landless Dalit person in the interior of Madhya Pradesh once gave me an insightful definition of a court from the perspective of the masses: “A court is a place where you are forcibly taken by the police to be punished; no one goes to a court.” In contrast, many lawyers and judges colloquially define a court as “a temple of justice where rights are protected”.
These sharply divergent visions mean that justice for one section is often injustice for another. Protecting the livelihood of traditional taxi and auto drivers from predatory pricing by corporate app-based taxi providers by imaginatively using the available tools of law to delay their incursion would be seen by the rich and by sections of the middle class as a failure of the judicial system, and possibly as also resulting in a downgrading of the “ease of doing business” measure. However, the masses would see such a judicial intervention as strong evidence of a good justice system. Although the conflict over competing visions of the nation and conflicting demands from social and economic segments have confined judicial reform of judicial administration mainly to “neutral” areas such as process reform, procedural law, technology, planning and court and case management, judge strength, and the workload of judges, there has been considerable improvement in these areas, and the judicial system has improved its performance.
[Extracted, with edits, from “Justice and the Two Ideas of India”, by G. Mohan Gopal, Frontline] - Everything she wanted was here, at Carignano, in Kasauli. Here, on the ridge of the mountain, in this quiet house. It was the place, and the time of life, that she had wanted and prepared for all her life-as she realized on the first day at Carignano, with a great, cool flowering of relief - and at last she had it. She wanted no one and nothing else. Whatever else came, or happened here, would be an unwelcome intrusion and distraction. This she tried to convey to the plodding postman with a cold and piercing stare from the height of the ridge onto his honest bull back. Unfortunately, he did not look up at her on the hilltop but stared stolidly down at the dust piling onto his shoes as he plodded on. A bullock-man, an oafish ox, she thought bitterly. She stepped backwards into the garden and the wind suddenly billowed up and threw the pine branches about as though to curtain her. She was grey, tall and thin and her silk sari made a sweeping, shivering sound and she fancied she could merge with the pine trees and be mistaken for one. To be a tree, no more and no less, was all she was prepared to undertake.
What pleased and satisfied her so, here at Carignano, was its barrenness. This was the chief virtue of all Kasauli of course-its starkness. It had rocks, it had pines, it had light and air. In every direction there was a sweeping view - to the north, of the mountains, to the south, of the plains. Occasionally an eagle swam through this clear unobstructed mass of light and air, that was all. And Carignano, her home on the ridge, had no more than that. Why should it? The sun shone on its white walls. Its windows were open the ones facing north opened on to the blue waves of the Himalayas flowing out and up to the line of ice and snow sketched upon the sky, while those that faced south looked down the plunging cliff to the plain stretching out, flat and sere to the blurred horizon.
Yes, there were some apricot trees close to the house. There were clumps of iris that had finished blooming. There was the kitchen with a wing of smoke lifting out of its chimney and a stack of wood outside its door. But these were incidental, almost unimportant.
[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from “Fire on the Mountain” by Anita Desai] - English literature is a vast and diverse field that has left an indelible mark on the world of letters. From the eloquent plays of William Shakespeare to the complex novels of Jane Austen and the profound poetry of William Wordsworth, English literature offers a window into the human experience. One of the luminaries of English literature is William Shakespeare, often hailed as the greatest playwright in the history of English language. His works, including Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet, are celebrated for their exploration of human nature, love, ambition, and tragedy. His characters, such as the tormented Hamlet and the star-crossed lovers Romeo and Juliet, continue to captivate readers and audiences worldwide.
The 19th century ushered in a new era of literary giants. Jane Austen’s novels, such as Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility, provide incisive social commentary through the lens of wit and romance. Austen’s heroines, like Elizabeth Bennet and Elinor Dashwood, remain beloved literary figures known for their intelligence and resilience. The Romantic era brought forth poets like William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who celebrated * 8 UG the beauty of nature and the emotional intensity of the individual. Wordsworth’s ‘‘I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud’’ and Coleridge’s ‘‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’’ are testament to the power of the written words to evoke profound emotions and imagery. Moving towards 20th century, English literature continued to evolve. Virginia Woolf’s ground-breaking novel Mrs. Dalloway explored the inner thoughts and lives of its characters with a modernist narrative style. Dystopian visions, as seen in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four provided stark warnings about the dangers of totalitarianism and the erosion of individual freedom.
Today, English literature is a global phenomenon, transcending borders and languages. Indian authors like Arundhati Roy, with her novel The God of Small Things, have won prestigious international literary awards. The book not only explores intricate family dynamics but also delves into the broader socio-political landscape of India. In summary, English literature is a testament to the enduring power of storytelling and the written word. It encompasses an array of authors, themes, and styles that continue to captivate and inspire readers across the world. - On the evening of the 10th, General Dyer arrived at Amritsar, and the Deputy-Commissioner handed over the civil power to him. He issued a proclamation by word of mouth that no meetings should be held. Two days later, after there had been no sort of riot, nor murder, General Dyer heard that a meeting was to be held at the Jallianwala Bagh. He proceeded there with about fifty troops, half British, half Indian, and a certain number of Ghurkas, armed with their kukris. The Jallianwala Bagh is an open space, half a mile square, which has one entry wide enough for three persons. The troops got in and lined up on a mound of debris. The walls, seven feet high, and the surrounding houses enclosed the people. There were, too, three alleys through which the people might have been able to pass. Within thirty seconds of the troops getting in, General Dyer gave orders to fire, and the crowd of people, estimated at anything from 5,000 to 20,000, who were sitting on the ground peacefully listening to the mob oratory, were fired on. The result of the troops’ fire into the mass of people we do not know. But we do know that Dyer’s own estimate of the casualties resulting from ten minutes continual individual firing, was 400 to 500 killed and 1,500 wounded. The people were not able to escape. They were people who had not offered any violence and who had not been warned. These people were shot down. After ten minutes, the ammunition was exhausted and the troops marched off, and they left 1,500 wounded there. There were men lying there for two days, dying of thirst, eating the ground, bleeding to death and nobody to look after them. Those who lived nearby came and carried away some of the wounded from the heap of dead and dying, but the unfortunate country people died there miserably of their wounds. This is what is done in 1919 in British India…
Centuries hence you will find Indian children brought up to this spot, just as they visit now the Cawnpore Well, and you can imagine the feelings of these Indians for generations over this terrible business.
[Col. Wedgwood, MP, speaking in the British Parliament, 22 December 1919]
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