Step 1: Classify the given rocks.
Among the given options,
\[
\begin{aligned}
\text{Marble} &\rightarrow \text{Non-foliated},
\text{Quartzite} &\rightarrow \text{Non-foliated},
\text{Slate} &\rightarrow \text{Foliated},
\text{Hornfels} &\rightarrow \text{Non-foliated}.
\end{aligned}
\]
Step 2: Choose the foliated rock.
Slate possesses a layered structure known as slaty cleavage.
Therefore,
\[
\boxed{\text{Slate}}
\]
is the correct answer.
Hence,
\[
\boxed{(C)}
\]
is the correct answer.