Question

Based on the passage, which of the following CANNOT be concluded?

• A. A vaccine cannot guarantee immunity in an individual.
• B. Our survival, as a community, is largely based on herd immunity.
• C. A vaccinated person may get infected if her surroundings are largely unvaccinated.
• D. Collective immunity protects those with compromised immune systems.
• E. Even, relatively, ineffective vaccines can stop the spread of viruses if enough people are vaccinated.
• A. Because it creates a reserve of immunity within a person’s immune system.
• B. Because when somebody is vaccinated, it is a deposit of protection against a particular disease.
• C. Because different vaccines contribute to a diverse portfolio of immune defences.
• D. Because it is like providing a safety net for those who are more vulnerable to diseases.
• J. Because it is a way to mitigate health risks for those who may not have access to vaccination.
• A. In times of health crises, communities should come together to support and protect each other.
• B. It is important to express gratitude to those who contribute to the herd immunity by getting vaccinated.
• C. It is an ethical obligation of individuals to get vaccinated for the greater good.
• D. In any community, immunity is transactional.
• O. Immunity of a community is interconnected, and everyone plays a role to keep each other healthy.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

To determine which statement cannot be concluded from the provided passage, we'll analyze each option based on the explanations given in the passage regarding the concept of herd immunity and how vaccines work collectively rather than individually.

1. Option 1: A vaccine cannot guarantee immunity in an individual.
   • The passage mentions that any given vaccine can fail to produce immunity in an individual. Therefore, this statement can be concluded from the passage.
2. Option 2: Our survival, as a community, is largely based on herd immunity.
   • The passage emphasizes the role of herd immunity in collective protection and describes it as a key principle through which mass vaccination becomes effective. However, it does not explicitly state that "our survival" is "largely based" on herd immunity. Therefore, this generalized statement cannot be directly concluded from the passage.
3. Option 3: A vaccinated person may get infected if her surroundings are largely unvaccinated.
   • The passage clearly indicates that a vaccinated person in a largely unvaccinated community is vulnerable, implying this statement can be concluded.
4. Option 4: Collective immunity protects those with compromised immune systems.
   • The passage discusses how contributions to herd immunity protect those who cannot protect themselves via their own immunity, including those with compromised immune systems. Thus, this can be concluded.
5. Option 5: Even, relatively, ineffective vaccines can stop the spread of viruses if enough people are vaccinated.
   • The passage makes it clear that viruses struggle to spread if a significant portion of the population is vaccinated, even with vaccines that are relatively ineffective. Hence, this statement can be concluded from the passage.

The statement that cannot be concluded from the passage is: Our survival, as a community, is largely based on herd immunity.

Answer 2

Step 1: Analyze the passage.

The passage explains the concept of herd immunity and highlights how vaccinations contribute to the community's collective defense against diseases. It mentions that even ineffective vaccines can help if enough people are vaccinated.

Step 2: Evaluate the options.

• Option 1: This is true as no vaccine provides 100% protection.
• Option 2: Herd immunity is the basis of community survival as described in the passage.
• Option 3: This cannot be concluded because the passage does not explicitly state that a vaccinated individual will always get infected in largely unvaccinated surroundings.
• Option 4: The passage supports the idea that herd immunity protects individuals with weaker immune systems.
• Option 5: The passage asserts that even relatively ineffective vaccines can contribute to stopping virus spread through herd immunity.

Final Answer: (2)

Answer 3

The question asks why the author likens vaccination to a "banking of immunity." To answer this, we need to understand the concept of herd immunity as explained in the passage.

The passage describes how vaccination, when viewed collectively, acts as a "bank" of immunity that contributes to the protection of the entire community, not just the individual receiving the vaccine. This relates to the principle of herd immunity, where mass vaccination can protect those who cannot be vaccinated, such as infants or those with compromised immune systems.

Let's analyze each option:

• Option 1: "Because it creates a reserve of immunity within a person’s immune system."
  This is incorrect because the focus of the passage is on collective immunity, not the individual reserve of immunity.
• Option 2: "Because when somebody is vaccinated, it is a deposit of protection against a particular disease."
  This option does not capture the broader community aspect that the passage emphasizes.
• Option 3: "Because different vaccines contribute to a diverse portfolio of immune defences."
  While this might be true, the passage emphasizes community protection rather than diversity in immune defenses.
• Option 4: "Because it is like providing a safety net for those who are more vulnerable to diseases."
  This aligns with the passage's idea of herd immunity providing collective protection, but it's not the best match for the concept of "banking."
• Option 5: "Because it is a way to mitigate health risks for those who may not have access to vaccination."
  This is the correct answer. The passage explains that vaccination protects not only those who receive it but also those who are unvaccinated, which accurately reflects the notion of "banking" immunity by contributing to a shared pool that shields the vulnerable.

The passage's focus on herd immunity and the community aspect of vaccination clearly aligns with option 5, making it the most appropriate choice. Vaccination is seen as a way to cover health risks by forming a communal pool of immunity that benefits all, especially those without direct access.

Answer 4

Step 1: Interpret the metaphor.

The "banking of immunity" refers to the idea that vaccination contributes to a collective reserve of immunity, safeguarding those who cannot be vaccinated or who are vulnerable.

Step 2: Evaluate the options.

• Option 1: Misleading as immunity is not reserved in a single person's system.
• Option 2: Incorrect since it simplifies the metaphor to an individual perspective.
• Option 3: The passage does not mention a diverse portfolio of defenses.
• Option 4: Partially correct, but the metaphor extends beyond safety nets.
• Option 5: Best captures the idea of mitigating risks for the unvaccinated or vulnerable population.

Final Answer: (5)

Answer 5

To determine the statement with which the author would best agree based on the last paragraph of the passage, we need to understand the core argument the author is making regarding community immunity and the interconnected nature of individual and collective health.

• The passage describes how vaccines contribute not just to individual immunity but to a collective community immunity, or "herd immunity." The analogy of immunity being a "bank" where contributions help those who cannot independently secure immunity highlights the interconnected nature of community health.
• The author concludes the passage by arguing that our protection depends largely on the health status of those around us rather than solely on our individual health measures.

Now, let's analyze the options:

1. In times of health crises, communities should come together to support and protect each other. This is a valid statement but not the primary focus of the author's argument in the passage. The emphasis in the passage is more on the systemic interconnectedness rather than community actions in crises.
2. It is important to express gratitude to those who contribute to the herd immunity by getting vaccinated. While gratitude can be a part of the narrative, the main argument is about interdependence, not just expressing gratitude.
3. It is an ethical obligation of individuals to get vaccinated for the greater good. Although ethical obligation is a related topic, the passage doesn't explicitly focus on individual ethics but rather on the unavoidable interconnectedness of immunity.
4. In any community, immunity is transactional. The passage describes immunity as a shared trust, more so than a transaction, implying a broader societal interconnection than a trade or exchange.
5. Immunity of a community is interconnected, and everyone plays a role to keep each other healthy. This statement best captures the essence of the passage. The author emphasizes that our health is protected by those around us, representing the interconnected nature of community immunity. Contributions to the "immunity bank" highlight this interconnectedness, aligning closely with the underlying message.

Thus, the author would best agree with the statement: Immunity of a community is interconnected, and everyone plays a role to keep each other healthy.

Answer 6

Step 1: Focus on the final paragraph.

The last paragraph emphasizes collective responsibility and interconnectedness of immunity.

Step 2: Evaluate the options.

• Option 1: True, but it is not the central idea of the paragraph.
• Option 2: Gratitude is implied but not the main argument.
• Option 3: Ethical obligation is addressed, but it's secondary to interconnectedness.
• Option 4: The term "transactional" misrepresents the author's argument.
• Option 5: Accurately captures the core argument about interconnectedness in herd immunity.

Final Answer: (5)