Comprehension
On May 8, India‘s Defence Minister virtually inaugurated a new 80 km-long road in the Himalayas, connecting to the border with China, at the Lipulekh pass. The Nepali government protested immediately, contending that the road crosses territory that it claims and accusing India of changing the status quo without diplomatic consultations. Among the many escalatory moves since then, Nepal deployed police forces to the region, summoned the Indian ambassador in Kathmandu, and initiated a constitutional amendment to formalise and extend its territorial claims over approximately 400 sq km. India, on the other hand, has conveyed its openness to a dialogue but does not seem to share Nepal‘s sense of urgency: its initial statement agreed to a dialogue, but only after the COVID-19 crisis. India has been in effective possession of this territory for at least sixty years, although Nepal claims it conducted a census there in the early 1950s and refers to the 1815 Sugauli Treaty as legitimising its claims. But India‘s new road, up to the Lipulekh pass, is not an unprecedented change in the status quo. India has controlled this territory and built other infrastructure here before, besides conducting its administration and deploying military forces up to the border pass with China. The region is of strategic importance, and the new road is now one of the quickest links between Delhi and the Tibetan plateau. In a 2015 statement, China also recognised India‘s sovereignty by agreeing to expand trade through the Lipulekh pass.
Question: 1
Which of the following incidents can be seen as the direct cause of the border dispute between India and Nepal ?
Which of the following incidents can be seen as the direct cause of the border dispute between India and Nepal ?
Updated On: Jul 15, 2026
- The Defence Minister inaugurated a motor-able link road that connects India and China.
- The 2015 agreement between India and China for using the Lipulekh pass for trade.
- India published a new map which showed the region of Kalapani as part of the Indian Territory.
- All of the above.
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The Correct Option is D
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The correct option is (D) :All of the above.
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This question asks which event or events triggered the border dispute between India and Nepal described in the passage. Let's look at each option.
- The Defence Minister inaugurated a motor-able link road connecting India and China: The passage opens with exactly this event, the inauguration of an 80 km road up to the Lipulekh pass, and states that Nepal protested immediately after this happened. This is a direct trigger.
- The 2015 agreement between India and China for using the Lipulekh pass for trade: The passage notes that China recognised India's sovereignty over this area in a 2015 statement by agreeing to trade through Lipulekh. Nepal has separately claimed this same territory, so an agreement between the other two countries over land Nepal claims adds to the underlying tension.
- India published a new map showing Kalapani as part of Indian territory: This episode is part of the same broader controversy, since Nepal's protests and its territorial claims over roughly 400 sq km link directly back to disputes over the same Kalapani-Lipulekh area shown on Indian maps.
- All of the above: Since the road inauguration, the India-China trade agreement over the pass, and the map dispute are all tied to the same underlying disagreement over this stretch of territory, they work together rather than any single one alone explaining the flare-up.
The passage frames the dispute as building up from several connected developments, the new road, the India-China understanding over the pass, and Nepal's own territorial claims, rather than from just one isolated event.
So, the correct answer is All of the above.
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Question: 2
The confusion between Nepal and India consists of a dispute over a trijunture of ____________.
The confusion between Nepal and India consists of a dispute over a trijunture of ____________.
Updated On: Jul 15, 2026
- Kali – Susta – Ganga.
- Kalapani – Saraswati – Ganga.
- Kalapani – Limpiyadhura – Lipulekh.
- Kalapani – Limpiyadhura – Kali.
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The Correct Option is C
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The correct option is (C) :Kalapani – Limpiyadhura – Lipulekh.
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This question asks for the three places at the centre of the India-Nepal boundary confusion. Let's check each combination.
- Kali, Susta, Ganga: The Kali river is genuinely tied to this dispute since it forms part of the boundary reference, and Susta is a separate, older India-Nepal border issue in a different area entirely, while the Ganga plays no role in this particular dispute.
- Kalapani, Saraswati, Ganga: Kalapani belongs here, but the Saraswati and Ganga rivers are not part of this territorial dispute at all, which lies in the far western Himalayan region near Uttarakhand.
- Kalapani, Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh: These three places, Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh, are exactly the points that define the disputed area, since Nepal's revised map extended its claim from Kalapani all the way to Limpiyadhura, the source of the Kali river, taking in the Lipulekh pass as well.
- Kalapani, Limpiyadhura, Kali: Kalapani and Limpiyadhura belong to the dispute, but the third location actually named alongside them, and the one India's new road leads to, is the Lipulekh pass, not the Kali river itself, which instead serves as the boundary reference line rather than a named disputed point.
Only one option names all three actual locations at the heart of the dispute together, Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh.
So, the correct answer is Kalapani, Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh.
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Question: 3
The treaty of Sugauli was signed between which of the following pairs ?
The treaty of Sugauli was signed between which of the following pairs ?
Updated On: Jul 15, 2026
- India and Nepal
- United kingdom, India and Nepal
- India, China and Nepal.
- East India Company and Nepal
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The Correct Option is D
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The correct option is (D) :East India Company and Nepal.
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This question asks who actually signed the Treaty of Sugauli. Let's check each pair against the historical record.
- India and Nepal: In 1815, when the treaty was signed, India as an independent nation did not yet exist; the subcontinent was under the control of the British East India Company, not a sovereign Indian government, so this pairing is not historically accurate.
- United Kingdom, India and Nepal: This brings in three parties, but the treaty was a bilateral agreement, and at the time it was signed, the British Crown had not yet taken direct control of India either, that came later in 1858, so this option does not match the historical facts.
- India, China and Nepal: China was not a party to this agreement at all; the Anglo-Nepalese War and its resulting treaty involved only the East India Company and Nepal.
- East India Company and Nepal: The Treaty of Sugauli, signed in December 1815 and ratified in March 1816, ended the Anglo-Nepalese War between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Nepal, and it was these two parties that actually signed it.
Since British India was governed by the East India Company at the time, and the war being settled was fought between the Company's forces and Nepal, the treaty's signatories were the East India Company and Nepal.
So, the correct answer is East India Company and Nepal.
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Question: 4
Recently Nepal has issued a map claiming Lipulekh pass as part of its territory included in the district of :
Recently Nepal has issued a map claiming Lipulekh pass as part of its territory included in the district of :
Updated On: Jul 15, 2026
- Kailali
- Darchula
- Dipayal
- Doti
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The Correct Option is B
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The correct option is (B) :Darchula.
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This question asks which Nepali district Nepal's revised map placed the Lipulekh pass in. Let's check each district named.
- Kailali: Kailali is a district in Nepal's Sudurpashchim province, but it lies further south and does not border the Lipulekh pass area.
- Darchula: Darchula is the northernmost district of Nepal's Sudurpashchim province, bordering both India and China, and it is this district's boundary that Nepal's updated map extended to include Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh.
- Dipayal: Dipayal is a town that serves as the headquarters of a nearby district, but it is not the district under which Nepal placed the disputed Lipulekh area on its new map.
- Doti: Doti is another district in the same broader region of Nepal, but it does not border the disputed Kalapani-Lipulekh belt.
Since Darchula is the district that actually borders the Kalapani-Limpiyadhura-Lipulekh area, it is the one Nepal's revised map placed this territory under.
So, the correct answer is Darchula.
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Question: 5
Which of the following rivers is called as Narayani River in Nepal ?
Which of the following rivers is called as Narayani River in Nepal ?
Updated On: Jul 15, 2026
- Bramhaputra
- Gandak
- Ganga
- Kali
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The Correct Option is B
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The correct option is (B) :Gandak.
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This question asks which Indian river is known by a different name once it flows through Nepal. Let's check each river.
- Brahmaputra: The Brahmaputra flows through Tibet, then Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in India, and further into Bangladesh; it does not pass through Nepal at all, so it is not renamed "Narayani".
- Gandak: The Gandak river rises in the Nepal Himalayas, where it is called the Narayani (or Sapt Gandaki), before it enters India in Bihar and continues as the Gandak, eventually joining the Ganga. This matches the name change described in the question exactly.
- Ganga: The Ganga itself, in its main stem, is not called the Narayani in Nepal; the Narayani name belongs specifically to the Gandak system.
- Kali: The Kali river forms part of the India-Nepal boundary in the west and is also called the Sharda in parts of India, not the Narayani.
Since the Gandak is the river that carries the name Narayani while flowing through Nepal before entering Bihar, it is the one the question is asking about.
So, the correct answer is Gandak.
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