Number of unpaired electron in highest occupied molecular orbital of following species is :\(N_2, N ^+_ 2 , O_2, O^+_ 2 \) ?
Number of unpaired electron in highest occupied molecular orbital of following species is :\(N_2, N ^+_ 2 , O_2, O^+_ 2 \) ?
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For molecular species, determine the number of unpaired electrons using the molecular orbital theory. Focus on the HOMO.
0, 1, 2, 1
2, 1, 2, 1
0, 1, 0, 1
2, 1, 0, 1
The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
Molecular Orbital Configurations:
\(N_2\): The molecular orbital configuration is:
\[\sigma(1s)^2 \, \sigma^*(1s)^2 \, \sigma(2s)^2 \, \sigma^*(2s)^2 \, \pi(2p_x)^2 \, \pi(2p_y)^2\]
Here, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is \(\pi(2p_x)^2 \, \pi(2p_y)^2\) with no unpaired electrons.
\[\text{Unpaired electrons in } \text{N}_2 = 0.\]
\(N_2^+\): The configuration is:
\[\sigma(1s)^2 \, \sigma^*(1s)^2 \, \sigma(2s)^2 \, \sigma^*(2s)^2 \, \pi(2p_x)^2 \, \pi(2p_y)^1\]
The HOMO is \(\pi(2p_y)^1\) with 1 unpaired electron.
\[\text{Unpaired electrons in } \text{N}_2^+ = 1.\]
\(O_2\): The configuration is:
\[\sigma(1s)^2 \, \sigma^*(1s)^2 \, \sigma(2s)^2 \, \sigma^*(2s)^2 \, \pi(2p_x)^2 \, \pi(2p_y)^2 \, \pi^*(2p_x)^1 \, \pi^*(2p_y)^1\]
The HOMO is \(\pi^*(2p_x)^1 \, \pi^*(2p_y)^1\) with 2 unpaired electrons.
\[\text{Unpaired electrons in } \text{O}_2 = 2.\]
\(O_2^-\): The configuration is:
\[\sigma(1s)^2 \, \sigma^*(1s)^2 \, \sigma(2s)^2 \, \sigma^*(2s)^2 \, \pi(2p_x)^2 \, \pi(2p_y)^2 \, \pi^*(2p_x)^2 \, \pi^*(2p_y)^1\]
The HOMO is \(\pi^*(2p_y)^1\) with 1 unpaired electron.
\[\text{Unpaired electrons in } \text{O}_2^- = 1.\]
Thus, the number of unpaired electrons for \(\text{N}_2\), \(\text{N}_2^+\), \(\text{O}_2\), and \(\text{O}_2^-\) are {0, 1, 2, 1} respectively.
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Concepts Used:
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Such a group of atoms is called a molecule. Obviously, there must be some force that holds these constituent atoms together in the molecules. The attractive force which holds various constituents (atoms, ions, etc.) together in different chemical species is called a chemical bond.
Types of Chemical Bonds:
There are 4 types of chemical bonds which are formed by atoms or molecules to yield compounds.
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- Covalent Bonds - Compounds that contain carbon commonly exhibit this type of chemical bonding.
- Hydrogen Bonds - It is a type of polar covalent bonding between oxygen and hydrogen wherein the hydrogen develops a partial positive charge
- Polar Bonds - In Polar Covalent chemical bonding, electrons are shared unequally since the more electronegative atom pulls the electron pair closer to itself and away from the less electronegative atom.
Factors Affecting Bond Enthalpy in Chemical Bonding:
- Size of the Atom
- Multiplicity of Bonds
- Number of Lone Pair of Electrons Present
- Bond Angle