Comprehension
Maritime Strategy in 2007, titled "Freedom to use the Seas". They kept on upgrading their vision document on regular intervals with latest being declared in 2015. The Security And Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) vision declared by the Government of India in May 2015 has been a massive game changer on multiple fronts. It integrates the geopolitical and geostrategic realities to domestic requirements. The security concerns and the blue economic opportunities are comprehensively addressed along with the diplomatic leverage and reviving the rich maritime heritage.
The SAGAR vision has been backed by aggressive push by the Government of India to drive mega projects with massive human resource requirements.
The SAGAR vision has been backed by aggressive push by the Government of India to drive mega projects with massive human resource requirements.
Question: 1
Which of the following is the flagship programme of the Ministry of Shipping, Government of India, to promote port-led development in the country through harnessing India's 7,500 km long coastline, 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways and strategic location on key international maritime trade routes?
Which of the following is the flagship programme of the Ministry of Shipping, Government of India, to promote port-led development in the country through harnessing India's 7,500 km long coastline, 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways and strategic location on key international maritime trade routes?
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Sagarmala Programme
- Sagarshakti Programme
- Jalshakti Programme
- Jalmala Programme
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The Correct Option is A
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The correct option is (A): Sagarmala Programme.
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The question asks for the flagship Ministry of Shipping programme aimed at port-led development, using India's coastline and inland waterways. Let's evaluate each option:
- Sagarmala Programme: The Sagarmala Programme is the actual flagship initiative of the Ministry of Shipping (now Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways) focused on port-led development, port connectivity, port modernisation, and coastal economic development, exactly matching the description in the question, including references to India's 7,500 km coastline and navigable waterways.
- Sagarshakti Programme: "Sagarshakti" is actually the name of a large-scale Indian Navy coastal defence exercise, not a Ministry of Shipping port-development programme.
- Jalshakti Programme: "Jal Shakti" refers to the Ministry of Jal Shakti, which deals with water resources, drinking water, and sanitation, an entirely different ministry and mandate from port-led development.
- Jalmala Programme: This is not a real, officially recognised government programme; it does not correspond to any actual scheme.
Only the Sagarmala Programme is the genuine flagship port-led development initiative of the Ministry of Shipping described in the question.
Therefore, the correct answer is Sagarmala Programme.
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Question: 2
Which of the following is the initiative of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India, to explore marine resources and develop deep sea technologies for sustainable use of ocean resources?
Which of the following is the initiative of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India, to explore marine resources and develop deep sea technologies for sustainable use of ocean resources?
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Sagarmanthan Mission
- Samudramanthan Mission
- Deep Ocean Mission
- Deep Ocean and Sea Technology Mission
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The Correct Option is C
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The correct option is (C): Deep Ocean Mission.
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The question asks for the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) initiative to explore marine resources and develop deep-sea technologies. Let's consider each option:
- Sagarmanthan Mission: This name is not the actual title of any MoES deep-sea exploration mission; it does not correspond to a real, officially named scheme.
- Samudramanthan Mission: Similarly, this is not the real name used by the Ministry of Earth Sciences for its deep ocean exploration programme, despite sounding thematically appropriate.
- Deep Ocean Mission: The Deep Ocean Mission is the actual initiative approved under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, aimed at exploring deep-sea resources, developing manned and unmanned submersibles, and enabling sustainable use of ocean resources, exactly matching the description in the question.
- Deep Ocean and Sea Technology Mission: This is a close-sounding but incorrect variant of the real name; the actual, officially used title is simply "Deep Ocean Mission", not this longer phrase.
Only "Deep Ocean Mission" is the correct, official name of the MoES programme described in the question.
Therefore, the correct answer is Deep Ocean Mission.
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Question: 3
ISA is a United Nations body regulating the exploration and exploitation of marine non-living resources of oceans in international waters. ISA stands for:
ISA is a United Nations body regulating the exploration and exploitation of marine non-living resources of oceans in international waters. ISA stands for:
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- International Sea Authority
- International Sea Association
- International Seafaring Association
- International Seabed Authority
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The Correct Option is D
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The correct option is (D): International Seabed Authority.
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The question asks what ISA stands for in the context of a United Nations body regulating exploration and exploitation of marine non-living resources in international waters. Let's assess each option:
- International Sea Authority: This phrase is close but incorrect; the body's actual name refers specifically to the "seabed", the ocean floor, not the sea generally.
- International Sea Association: This gets both the word "Sea" (instead of "Seabed") and the word "Association" (instead of "Authority") wrong compared to the real name.
- International Seafaring Association: This describes an entirely different kind of body, one associated with navigation or shipping, not the UN body governing seabed mineral resources.
- International Seabed Authority: This is the correct, official name of the autonomous international organisation established under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to organise and control activities related to mineral resources in the international seabed area, exactly matching the description in the question.
Only "International Seabed Authority" correctly reflects both the real name and the mandate described.
Therefore, the correct answer is International Seabed Authority.
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Question: 4
Under Mission SAGAR, which Indian Naval Ship was deployed by the Indian Navy to provide humanitarian and medical assistance to Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar and Comoros?
Under Mission SAGAR, which Indian Naval Ship was deployed by the Indian Navy to provide humanitarian and medical assistance to Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar and Comoros?
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- INS Kesari
- INS Vikrant
- INS Viraat
- INS Vikramaditya
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The Correct Option is A
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The correct option is (A): INS Kesari.
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The question asks which Indian Naval Ship was deployed under Mission SAGAR to provide humanitarian and medical assistance to Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar, and Comoros. Let's look at each option:
- INS Kesari: INS Kesari, a naval offshore patrol vessel, was the ship actually deployed for Mission SAGAR, carrying food items, medical teams, and COVID-19-related assistance to these Indian Ocean island nations.
- INS Vikrant: INS Vikrant is India's indigenous aircraft carrier, a major combat platform, not the vessel used for this humanitarian assistance mission.
- INS Viraat: INS Viraat was a decommissioned aircraft carrier by this time, and in any case was never associated with the Mission SAGAR humanitarian deployment.
- INS Vikramaditya: INS Vikramaditya is also an aircraft carrier, used for defence and power-projection roles, not for the humanitarian assistance mission described in the question.
Among these, only INS Kesari is the ship actually associated with the Mission SAGAR humanitarian and medical assistance deployment.
Therefore, the correct answer is INS Kesari.
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Question: 5
Which of the following is India's first manned ocean mission which was launched at Chennai?
Which of the following is India's first manned ocean mission which was launched at Chennai?
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Samudrashakti
- Samudrayan
- Sagaryan
- Sagarshakti
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The Correct Option is B
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The correct option is (B): Samudrayan.
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The question asks for the name of India's first manned ocean mission, launched at Chennai. Let's examine each option:
- Samudrashakti: This name is not associated with any real manned ocean exploration mission; it does not match the officially used title.
- Samudrayan: Samudrayaan is the actual name of India's first manned ocean mission, under which a submersible vehicle is being developed to carry crew members to deep ocean depths for scientific exploration, and the mission was indeed launched at Chennai by the National Institute of Ocean Technology.
- Sagaryan: This is not the real, official name of any Indian manned ocean mission; it is a plausible-sounding but incorrect variant.
- Sagarshakti: As with the drone and maritime context elsewhere, "Sagarshakti" actually refers to a Navy exercise, not to a manned ocean exploration mission.
Only "Samudrayan" (Samudrayaan) correctly names India's first manned ocean mission described in the question.
Therefore, the correct answer is Samudrayan.
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Top CLAT Questions
- In the realm of contemporary literature, the interplay between character and setting is a nuanced dance that shapes the narrative’s essence. The setting, often described with painstaking detail, becomes more than a backdrop; it becomes a character, influencing the plot and character development.
Consider, for instance, the barren expanse of the desert in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake. The arid landscape mirrors the sense of isolation felt by the protagonist, Gogol, as he navigates his identity crisis in a foreign land. The relentless sun and vast sands are not mere descriptions; they are the silent witnesses to his inner turmoil.
On the other end of the literary spectrum, there is Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things. The lush, vibrant Kerala backwaters are not just the setting; they are a character woven into the fabric of the story. The teeming, humid landscape reflects the complex web of human relationships and secrets that unravel in the narrative. This interplay is not confined to contemporary literature alone. In Shakespeare’s timeless tragedy Macbeth, the eerie and foreboding setting of the Scottish moors casts a dark shadow over the characters’ actions. The moors, shrouded in mist and mystery, serve as an ever-present omen of the impending tragedy. - The crisis of justice that is the subject matter of discussion in the media today is in fact the crisis of “justice for the middle class”. The main difference between India and the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries is that whereas the middle class in these countries has reasonable access to justice, in India it does not. A vocal and powerful middle class has emerged in India since 1991. It is demanding reasonable access to justice. Much of the judicial reform effort will help meet this demand…
The question of justice for the poor is, however, an altogether different challenge. No country in the world has been able to secure justice for the poor. Most of the jails of the richest countries are filled with the poorest. The “masses” are more often victims of the criminal justice system than of crime. In India as well, jails are almost exclusively filled with the poor. The civil justice system is hardly accessible to them. They are often victimised by lawyers, touts and court staff. They are docket-excluded, a new type of untouchability. The language and the logic—and the colonial and feudal culture—of the judicial system are alien to them. It rarely takes cognisance of their needs and interests.
Their main concern, therefore, is to escape the attention of the justice system, criminal and civil. A landless Dalit person in the interior of Madhya Pradesh once gave me an insightful definition of a court from the perspective of the masses: “A court is a place where you are forcibly taken by the police to be punished; no one goes to a court.” In contrast, many lawyers and judges colloquially define a court as “a temple of justice where rights are protected”.
These sharply divergent visions mean that justice for one section is often injustice for another. Protecting the livelihood of traditional taxi and auto drivers from predatory pricing by corporate app-based taxi providers by imaginatively using the available tools of law to delay their incursion would be seen by the rich and by sections of the middle class as a failure of the judicial system, and possibly as also resulting in a downgrading of the “ease of doing business” measure. However, the masses would see such a judicial intervention as strong evidence of a good justice system. Although the conflict over competing visions of the nation and conflicting demands from social and economic segments have confined judicial reform of judicial administration mainly to “neutral” areas such as process reform, procedural law, technology, planning and court and case management, judge strength, and the workload of judges, there has been considerable improvement in these areas, and the judicial system has improved its performance.
[Extracted, with edits, from “Justice and the Two Ideas of India”, by G. Mohan Gopal, Frontline] - Everything she wanted was here, at Carignano, in Kasauli. Here, on the ridge of the mountain, in this quiet house. It was the place, and the time of life, that she had wanted and prepared for all her life-as she realized on the first day at Carignano, with a great, cool flowering of relief - and at last she had it. She wanted no one and nothing else. Whatever else came, or happened here, would be an unwelcome intrusion and distraction. This she tried to convey to the plodding postman with a cold and piercing stare from the height of the ridge onto his honest bull back. Unfortunately, he did not look up at her on the hilltop but stared stolidly down at the dust piling onto his shoes as he plodded on. A bullock-man, an oafish ox, she thought bitterly. She stepped backwards into the garden and the wind suddenly billowed up and threw the pine branches about as though to curtain her. She was grey, tall and thin and her silk sari made a sweeping, shivering sound and she fancied she could merge with the pine trees and be mistaken for one. To be a tree, no more and no less, was all she was prepared to undertake.
What pleased and satisfied her so, here at Carignano, was its barrenness. This was the chief virtue of all Kasauli of course-its starkness. It had rocks, it had pines, it had light and air. In every direction there was a sweeping view - to the north, of the mountains, to the south, of the plains. Occasionally an eagle swam through this clear unobstructed mass of light and air, that was all. And Carignano, her home on the ridge, had no more than that. Why should it? The sun shone on its white walls. Its windows were open the ones facing north opened on to the blue waves of the Himalayas flowing out and up to the line of ice and snow sketched upon the sky, while those that faced south looked down the plunging cliff to the plain stretching out, flat and sere to the blurred horizon.
Yes, there were some apricot trees close to the house. There were clumps of iris that had finished blooming. There was the kitchen with a wing of smoke lifting out of its chimney and a stack of wood outside its door. But these were incidental, almost unimportant.
[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from “Fire on the Mountain” by Anita Desai] - English literature is a vast and diverse field that has left an indelible mark on the world of letters. From the eloquent plays of William Shakespeare to the complex novels of Jane Austen and the profound poetry of William Wordsworth, English literature offers a window into the human experience. One of the luminaries of English literature is William Shakespeare, often hailed as the greatest playwright in the history of English language. His works, including Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet, are celebrated for their exploration of human nature, love, ambition, and tragedy. His characters, such as the tormented Hamlet and the star-crossed lovers Romeo and Juliet, continue to captivate readers and audiences worldwide.
The 19th century ushered in a new era of literary giants. Jane Austen’s novels, such as Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility, provide incisive social commentary through the lens of wit and romance. Austen’s heroines, like Elizabeth Bennet and Elinor Dashwood, remain beloved literary figures known for their intelligence and resilience. The Romantic era brought forth poets like William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who celebrated * 8 UG the beauty of nature and the emotional intensity of the individual. Wordsworth’s ‘‘I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud’’ and Coleridge’s ‘‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’’ are testament to the power of the written words to evoke profound emotions and imagery. Moving towards 20th century, English literature continued to evolve. Virginia Woolf’s ground-breaking novel Mrs. Dalloway explored the inner thoughts and lives of its characters with a modernist narrative style. Dystopian visions, as seen in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four provided stark warnings about the dangers of totalitarianism and the erosion of individual freedom.
Today, English literature is a global phenomenon, transcending borders and languages. Indian authors like Arundhati Roy, with her novel The God of Small Things, have won prestigious international literary awards. The book not only explores intricate family dynamics but also delves into the broader socio-political landscape of India. In summary, English literature is a testament to the enduring power of storytelling and the written word. It encompasses an array of authors, themes, and styles that continue to captivate and inspire readers across the world. - On the evening of the 10th, General Dyer arrived at Amritsar, and the Deputy-Commissioner handed over the civil power to him. He issued a proclamation by word of mouth that no meetings should be held. Two days later, after there had been no sort of riot, nor murder, General Dyer heard that a meeting was to be held at the Jallianwala Bagh. He proceeded there with about fifty troops, half British, half Indian, and a certain number of Ghurkas, armed with their kukris. The Jallianwala Bagh is an open space, half a mile square, which has one entry wide enough for three persons. The troops got in and lined up on a mound of debris. The walls, seven feet high, and the surrounding houses enclosed the people. There were, too, three alleys through which the people might have been able to pass. Within thirty seconds of the troops getting in, General Dyer gave orders to fire, and the crowd of people, estimated at anything from 5,000 to 20,000, who were sitting on the ground peacefully listening to the mob oratory, were fired on. The result of the troops’ fire into the mass of people we do not know. But we do know that Dyer’s own estimate of the casualties resulting from ten minutes continual individual firing, was 400 to 500 killed and 1,500 wounded. The people were not able to escape. They were people who had not offered any violence and who had not been warned. These people were shot down. After ten minutes, the ammunition was exhausted and the troops marched off, and they left 1,500 wounded there. There were men lying there for two days, dying of thirst, eating the ground, bleeding to death and nobody to look after them. Those who lived nearby came and carried away some of the wounded from the heap of dead and dying, but the unfortunate country people died there miserably of their wounds. This is what is done in 1919 in British India…
Centuries hence you will find Indian children brought up to this spot, just as they visit now the Cawnpore Well, and you can imagine the feelings of these Indians for generations over this terrible business.
[Col. Wedgwood, MP, speaking in the British Parliament, 22 December 1919]
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