Question

John Friedmann is associated with the planning theory:

• A. Conservative Surgery
• B. Equity Planning
• C. Advocacy Planning
• D. Four Stage model of Regional Development

Hint:

In planning theory, Equity Planning is important for promoting justice and fairness in the development process.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

Step 1: Understanding the question.
John Friedmann was a key figure in urban planning and planning theory. He is best known for his work on advocacy planning, which emphasizes the importance of planning in favor of marginalized groups. However, he is particularly associated with Equity Planning, which focuses on creating equitable and fair opportunities for disadvantaged communities.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) Conservative Surgery: This is not associated with Friedmann’s work in planning theory.
(B) Equity Planning: Correct — John Friedmann is associated with Equity Planning, which advocates for fairness in the distribution of resources.
(C) Advocacy Planning: Although Friedmann contributed to advocacy planning, it is the principle of Equity Planning that is most closely associated with him.
(D) Four Stage Model of Regional Development: This model is more associated with other theorists like W. Arthur Lewis and not John Friedmann.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (B) Equity Planning, as this is the theory most closely linked to John Friedmann.

Answer 2

John Friedmann's body of work touches several strands of planning theory, so it helps to separate what each option is usually credited to before settling on the one tied most closely to his name:

1. Conservative Surgery: This term belongs to Patrick Geddes, describing minimal, sensitive intervention in existing city fabric rather than large-scale demolition, unrelated to Friedmann.
2. Equity Planning: Centred on directing planning resources and decisions toward disadvantaged and marginalised communities, a theme closely tied to Friedmann's broader concern with social justice within planning practice.
3. Advocacy Planning: More commonly associated with Paul Davidoff, who argued planners should represent the interests of specific community groups, a related but distinct strand from the one credited to Friedmann here.
4. Four Stage Model of Regional Development: A model describing how regional economies evolve through pre-industrial, transitional, industrial, and post-industrial spatial patterns, a separate area of regional-development theory.

Weighing the four strands against each other, the one tied to Friedmann's concern with fairness and social justice in planning is the one that fits.

Therefore, the correct answer is Equity Planning.