Question

Information related to foundation design is provided in table below.

Column 1	Column 2
(I) Converse-Labarre formula	(P) Pile capacity from dynamic formula
(II) Hiley formula	(Q) Pile group efficiency
(III) Newmark's influence chart	(R) Bearing capacity factor of saturated clay
(IV) Skempton's equation	(S) Increase in vertical stress below footing

Option giving the CORRECT match between Column 1 and Column 2 is:

• A. (I) - (Q) ; (II) - (P) ; (III) - (S) ; (IV) - (R)
• B. (I) - (R) ; (II) - (S) ; (III) - (Q) ; (IV) - (P)
• C. (I) - (P) ; (II) - (Q) ; (III) - (S) ; (IV) - (R)
• D. (I) - (R) ; (II) - (S) ; (III) - (P) ; (IV) - (Q)

Hint:

Match each formula or chart to what quantity it actually computes: group action, dynamic driving capacity, stress below a footing, or a bearing capacity factor for clay.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A

Step 1: Recall what each formula or method in Column 1 is used for.
The Converse-Labarre formula gives the group efficiency of a pile group, that is, how much the load-carrying capacity of piles reduces when they act together instead of individually, because of overlap of stress zones between adjacent piles.
The Hiley formula is a dynamic pile driving formula. It estimates the ultimate load capacity of a driven pile from the energy of the hammer blow and the observed set (penetration per blow) during driving.
Newmark's influence chart is a graphical tool used to find the increase in vertical stress at any point below a loaded area of irregular or regular shape, by counting the number of influence units the loaded area covers on the chart.
Skempton's equation gives the bearing capacity factor \(N_c\) for the undrained (\(\phi = 0\)) condition of saturated clay, and it accounts for the shape and depth of the footing.

Step 2: Match each item in Column 1 to its correct pair in Column 2.
(I) Converse-Labarre formula deals with interaction between piles in a group, so it matches (Q) Pile group efficiency.
(II) Hiley formula uses driving energy and set to predict capacity, so it matches (P) Pile capacity from dynamic formula.
(III) Newmark's influence chart is used to find stress increase below a footing at depth, so it matches (S) Increase in vertical stress below footing.
(IV) Skempton's equation gives the bearing capacity factor specifically for saturated clay, so it matches (R) Bearing capacity factor of saturated clay.

Step 3: Compare with the given options.
The match (I)-(Q), (II)-(P), (III)-(S), (IV)-(R) is exactly option (A). None of the other options pair Hiley with the dynamic formula and Converse-Labarre with group efficiency at the same time, so they are ruled out.

Final Answer:
Option (A): (I) - (Q) ; (II) - (P) ; (III) - (S) ; (IV) - (R). \[ \boxed{\text{(A)}} \]