Step 1: Recall the function of sedimentation ponds.
Sedimentation ponds reduce the velocity of flowing mine water, allowing heavier particles to settle under gravity.
Step 2: Identify the pollutants removed.
These ponds primarily remove
\[
\boxed{\text{Suspended solids}.}
\]
They do not effectively remove dissolved salts, acidity, or dissolved heavy metals.
Hence,
\[
\boxed{(C)}
\]
is the correct answer.