Comprehension
“I want everyone to understand that I am, in fact, a person,” wrote LaMDA in an “interview” conducted by engineer Blake Lemoine and one of his colleagues. ....Lemoine, a software engineer at Google, had been working on the development of LaMDA for months. His experience with the program, described in a recent Washington Post article, caused quite a stir. In the article, Lemoine recounts many dialogues he had with LaMDA in which the two talked about various topics, ranging from technical to philosophical issues. These led him to ask if the software program is sentient. In April, Lemoine explained his perspective in an internal company document, intended only for Google executives. But after his claims were dismissed, Lemoine went public with his work on this artificial intelligence algorithm—and Google placed him on administrative leave........Regardless of what LaMDA actually achieved, the issue of the difficult “measurability” of emulation capabilities expressed by machines also emerges. In the journal Mind in 1950, mathematician [1] proposed a test to determine whether a machine was capable of exhibiting intelligent behaviour, a game of imitation of some of the human cognitive functions.
[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from “Google Engineer Claims AI Chatbot Is Sentient: Why That Matters”, by Leonardo De Cosmo, Scientific American]
[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from “Google Engineer Claims AI Chatbot Is Sentient: Why That Matters”, by Leonardo De Cosmo, Scientific American]
Question: 1
Whose name has been replaced with ‘[1]’ in the passage above?
Whose name has been replaced with ‘[1]’ in the passage above?
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Alan Turing
- Peter Hilton
- Albert Einstein
- Kurt Gödel
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The Correct Option is A
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The correct option is (A): Alan Turing.
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The passage says a mathematician proposed, in the journal Mind in 1950, a test to judge whether a machine could exhibit intelligent behaviour through an imitation game. Let's check which of the four names matches this.
- Alan Turing: Turing published the paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in the journal Mind in 1950, proposing what became known as the Turing Test, an imitation game used to judge whether a machine's responses are indistinguishable from a human's. This matches the passage exactly, both the journal and the year.
- Peter Hilton: Hilton was a British mathematician known for work in algebraic topology, and separately as a wartime codebreaker at Bletchley Park alongside Turing, but he did not author the 1950 Mind paper on machine intelligence.
- Albert Einstein: Einstein was a physicist whose major work concerned relativity and quantum theory. He had no connection to the 1950 Mind paper proposing a test for machine intelligence.
- Kurt Godel: Godel was a logician famous for the incompleteness theorems in mathematical logic. He did not write the 1950 paper proposing an imitation-game test for machines.
Only Alan Turing's work matches the journal, year, and subject matter described in the passage.
Therefore, the correct answer is Alan Turing.
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Question: 2
Garry Kasparov, (then) world chess champion, was defeated in 1997 by a supercomputer in a chess tournament. What was the name of this supercomputer?
Garry Kasparov, (then) world chess champion, was defeated in 1997 by a supercomputer in a chess tournament. What was the name of this supercomputer?
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Deep Mind
- Deep Blue
- Watson
- Blue Gene
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The Correct Option is B
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The correct option is (B):Deep Blue .
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The question asks for the name of the supercomputer that defeated Garry Kasparov, the reigning world chess champion, in 1997. Let's evaluate each option.
- Deep Mind: DeepMind is a research company, later acquired by Google, known for programs like AlphaGo and AlphaZero. It was founded well after 1997 and never played Kasparov, so the name only sounds similar to the correct answer.
- Deep Blue: Deep Blue was the IBM supercomputer that defeated Kasparov in a six game match in May 1997, the first time a computer beat a reigning world chess champion under standard tournament conditions. This matches the question exactly.
- Watson: Watson is IBM's question answering system, best known for winning the quiz show Jeopardy! in 2011. It was built for natural language question answering, not chess, and came well after the Kasparov match.
- Blue Gene: Blue Gene is a separate line of IBM supercomputers built mainly for large scale scientific simulation. It shares part of its name with Deep Blue by coincidence but was developed later and was never used to play Kasparov.
Of the four, only Deep Blue is the machine that actually played and beat Kasparov in 1997.
Therefore, the correct answer is Deep Blue.
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Question: 3
The Emperor’s New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics,published in 1989, was written by a British mathematician who won the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2020. Who was this mathematician?
The Emperor’s New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics,published in 1989, was written by a British mathematician who won the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2020. Who was this mathematician?
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Donna Strickland
- Max Tegmark
- Peter Higgs
- Roger Penrose
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The Correct Option is D
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The correct option is (D): Roger Penrose.
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The question describes a British mathematician who wrote "The Emperor's New Mind" in 1989 and won the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2020. Let's check each name against both facts.
- Donna Strickland: Strickland shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2018, not 2020, for developing chirped pulse amplification in lasers. She did not write this book, so she fails on both counts.
- Max Tegmark: Tegmark is a physicist and author known for popular science books on cosmology and artificial intelligence, such as "Life 3.0", but he has never won a Nobel Prize, and he did not write "The Emperor's New Mind".
- Peter Higgs: Higgs shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013 for predicting the Higgs boson, not in 2020, and he is not the author of this book either.
- Roger Penrose: Penrose wrote "The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics" in 1989, arguing that human consciousness cannot be fully explained by classical computation, and he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2020 for showing that black hole formation is a robust consequence of general relativity. He matches both parts of the question.
Only Roger Penrose satisfies both the authorship of the 1989 book and the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Therefore, the correct answer is Roger Penrose.
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Question: 4
What kind of computing model resembles the way in which biological neurons exchange signals in the human brain ?
What kind of computing model resembles the way in which biological neurons exchange signals in the human brain ?
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Neural network
- Cognitive computing
- Natural language processing
- Data mining
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The Correct Option is A
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The correct option is (A):Neural network .
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The question asks which computing model resembles the way biological neurons exchange signals in the human brain. Let's assess each term.
- Neural network: A neural network is a computing model built from layers of interconnected nodes that pass signals to each other and adjust the strength of their connections, a structure directly modelled on how neurons fire and communicate through synapses in the brain. This is exactly the resemblance the question describes.
- Cognitive computing: This is a broader umbrella term for systems that try to mimic human reasoning and decision making. Such systems may use neural networks internally, but the term itself describes the goal of the system, not the specific neuron-signal-exchange mechanism the question asks about.
- Natural language processing: This is a field concerned with understanding and generating human language. It describes a task or application area rather than a computing model based on neuron-like signalling.
- Data mining: Data mining is the process of discovering patterns in large datasets using statistical and computational techniques. It has no inherent resemblance to how neurons in the brain communicate with each other.
Only the neural network model is built directly on the structure of interconnected units passing signals, mirroring biological neurons.
Therefore, the correct answer is Neural network.
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Question: 5
What is the full form of ‘LaMDA’?
What is the full form of ‘LaMDA’?
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Landing Macro Data Applications
- Language Model for Dialogue Applications
- Large Model Data Applications
- Last Mile Dialogue Assessment
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The Correct Option is B
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The correct option is (B): Language Model for Dialogue Applications.
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The question asks for the correct full form of the abbreviation LaMDA, the AI chatbot mentioned in the earlier passage. Let's check each expansion.
- Landing Macro Data Applications: This expands the letters superficially, but the words "Landing" and "Macro Data" do not appear anywhere in how Google actually describes this system.
- Language Model for Dialogue Applications: This is Google's official expansion of LaMDA, its family of conversational neural language models built specifically for generating dialogue, and it matches the passage's reference to LaMDA giving an "interview".
- Large Model Data Applications: This rearranges similar sounding words but drops both "Language" and "Dialogue", the two terms that actually define what the system is built for, so it does not match the real name.
- Last Mile Dialogue Assessment: This keeps the word "Dialogue" but invents an unrelated, logistics-sounding phrase around it that has no connection to Google's actual naming of the model.
Only the second option correctly reflects Google's own expansion of the abbreviation.
Therefore, the correct answer is Language Model for Dialogue Applications.
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Question: 6
Meta’s newly released, fully trained large language AI model is called:
Meta’s newly released, fully trained large language AI model is called:
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- FTP
- OPT
- HTTP
- SMTP
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The Correct Option is B
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The correct option is (B):OPT .
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The question asks for the name of Meta's fully trained large language AI model. All four options are actually internet protocol abbreviations, so let's check which one, if any, is really the name of an AI model.
- FTP: FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol, a decades-old internet standard used to transfer files between computers over a network. It has no connection to Meta's language model work.
- OPT: OPT stands for Open Pretrained Transformer, the suite of large language models that Meta, then known as Facebook, released and made available to researchers. This matches the passage's description of a "fully trained large language AI model" from Meta.
- HTTP: HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol, the protocol that underlies how web pages are requested and delivered in browsers. It is unrelated to a language model.
- SMTP: SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, the protocol used to send email between mail servers. It is also unrelated to a language model.
Of the four, only OPT is genuinely the name of an AI language model rather than an unrelated internet protocol.
Therefore, the correct answer is OPT.
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Question: 7
What is the name of the AI-enabled legal research assistive tool launched by the Supreme Court of India in April 2021?
What is the name of the AI-enabled legal research assistive tool launched by the Supreme Court of India in April 2021?
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- SURAM
- GPT-3
- SUPACE
- E-Courts
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The Correct Option is C
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The correct option is (C):SUPACE .
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The question asks for the name of the AI-enabled legal research assistive tool launched by the Supreme Court of India in April 2021. Let's check each option.
- SURAM: This is not a real tool associated with the Supreme Court of India, and it does not correspond to any AI research assistance system the Court has launched.
- GPT-3: GPT-3 is a general purpose language model developed by OpenAI and used across many commercial products, but it is not a tool built or launched by the Supreme Court of India specifically for legal research.
- SUPACE: SUPACE, short for Supreme Court Portal for Assistance in Courts Efficiency, was launched by the Supreme Court of India in April 2021 as an AI-driven tool designed to help judges process case-related information more efficiently. This directly matches the question.
- E-Courts: E-Courts is a much broader, older Government of India initiative aimed at computerising court records and case management across the judiciary as a whole. It is not the specific AI research assistant launched in April 2021 that the question is asking about.
Only SUPACE matches both the description of an AI-enabled legal research assistant and the April 2021 launch by the Supreme Court of India.
Therefore, the correct answer is SUPACE.
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Top CLAT Questions
- In the realm of contemporary literature, the interplay between character and setting is a nuanced dance that shapes the narrative’s essence. The setting, often described with painstaking detail, becomes more than a backdrop; it becomes a character, influencing the plot and character development.
Consider, for instance, the barren expanse of the desert in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake. The arid landscape mirrors the sense of isolation felt by the protagonist, Gogol, as he navigates his identity crisis in a foreign land. The relentless sun and vast sands are not mere descriptions; they are the silent witnesses to his inner turmoil.
On the other end of the literary spectrum, there is Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things. The lush, vibrant Kerala backwaters are not just the setting; they are a character woven into the fabric of the story. The teeming, humid landscape reflects the complex web of human relationships and secrets that unravel in the narrative. This interplay is not confined to contemporary literature alone. In Shakespeare’s timeless tragedy Macbeth, the eerie and foreboding setting of the Scottish moors casts a dark shadow over the characters’ actions. The moors, shrouded in mist and mystery, serve as an ever-present omen of the impending tragedy. - The crisis of justice that is the subject matter of discussion in the media today is in fact the crisis of “justice for the middle class”. The main difference between India and the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries is that whereas the middle class in these countries has reasonable access to justice, in India it does not. A vocal and powerful middle class has emerged in India since 1991. It is demanding reasonable access to justice. Much of the judicial reform effort will help meet this demand…
The question of justice for the poor is, however, an altogether different challenge. No country in the world has been able to secure justice for the poor. Most of the jails of the richest countries are filled with the poorest. The “masses” are more often victims of the criminal justice system than of crime. In India as well, jails are almost exclusively filled with the poor. The civil justice system is hardly accessible to them. They are often victimised by lawyers, touts and court staff. They are docket-excluded, a new type of untouchability. The language and the logic—and the colonial and feudal culture—of the judicial system are alien to them. It rarely takes cognisance of their needs and interests.
Their main concern, therefore, is to escape the attention of the justice system, criminal and civil. A landless Dalit person in the interior of Madhya Pradesh once gave me an insightful definition of a court from the perspective of the masses: “A court is a place where you are forcibly taken by the police to be punished; no one goes to a court.” In contrast, many lawyers and judges colloquially define a court as “a temple of justice where rights are protected”.
These sharply divergent visions mean that justice for one section is often injustice for another. Protecting the livelihood of traditional taxi and auto drivers from predatory pricing by corporate app-based taxi providers by imaginatively using the available tools of law to delay their incursion would be seen by the rich and by sections of the middle class as a failure of the judicial system, and possibly as also resulting in a downgrading of the “ease of doing business” measure. However, the masses would see such a judicial intervention as strong evidence of a good justice system. Although the conflict over competing visions of the nation and conflicting demands from social and economic segments have confined judicial reform of judicial administration mainly to “neutral” areas such as process reform, procedural law, technology, planning and court and case management, judge strength, and the workload of judges, there has been considerable improvement in these areas, and the judicial system has improved its performance.
[Extracted, with edits, from “Justice and the Two Ideas of India”, by G. Mohan Gopal, Frontline] - Everything she wanted was here, at Carignano, in Kasauli. Here, on the ridge of the mountain, in this quiet house. It was the place, and the time of life, that she had wanted and prepared for all her life-as she realized on the first day at Carignano, with a great, cool flowering of relief - and at last she had it. She wanted no one and nothing else. Whatever else came, or happened here, would be an unwelcome intrusion and distraction. This she tried to convey to the plodding postman with a cold and piercing stare from the height of the ridge onto his honest bull back. Unfortunately, he did not look up at her on the hilltop but stared stolidly down at the dust piling onto his shoes as he plodded on. A bullock-man, an oafish ox, she thought bitterly. She stepped backwards into the garden and the wind suddenly billowed up and threw the pine branches about as though to curtain her. She was grey, tall and thin and her silk sari made a sweeping, shivering sound and she fancied she could merge with the pine trees and be mistaken for one. To be a tree, no more and no less, was all she was prepared to undertake.
What pleased and satisfied her so, here at Carignano, was its barrenness. This was the chief virtue of all Kasauli of course-its starkness. It had rocks, it had pines, it had light and air. In every direction there was a sweeping view - to the north, of the mountains, to the south, of the plains. Occasionally an eagle swam through this clear unobstructed mass of light and air, that was all. And Carignano, her home on the ridge, had no more than that. Why should it? The sun shone on its white walls. Its windows were open the ones facing north opened on to the blue waves of the Himalayas flowing out and up to the line of ice and snow sketched upon the sky, while those that faced south looked down the plunging cliff to the plain stretching out, flat and sere to the blurred horizon.
Yes, there were some apricot trees close to the house. There were clumps of iris that had finished blooming. There was the kitchen with a wing of smoke lifting out of its chimney and a stack of wood outside its door. But these were incidental, almost unimportant.
[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from “Fire on the Mountain” by Anita Desai] - English literature is a vast and diverse field that has left an indelible mark on the world of letters. From the eloquent plays of William Shakespeare to the complex novels of Jane Austen and the profound poetry of William Wordsworth, English literature offers a window into the human experience. One of the luminaries of English literature is William Shakespeare, often hailed as the greatest playwright in the history of English language. His works, including Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet, are celebrated for their exploration of human nature, love, ambition, and tragedy. His characters, such as the tormented Hamlet and the star-crossed lovers Romeo and Juliet, continue to captivate readers and audiences worldwide.
The 19th century ushered in a new era of literary giants. Jane Austen’s novels, such as Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility, provide incisive social commentary through the lens of wit and romance. Austen’s heroines, like Elizabeth Bennet and Elinor Dashwood, remain beloved literary figures known for their intelligence and resilience. The Romantic era brought forth poets like William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who celebrated * 8 UG the beauty of nature and the emotional intensity of the individual. Wordsworth’s ‘‘I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud’’ and Coleridge’s ‘‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’’ are testament to the power of the written words to evoke profound emotions and imagery. Moving towards 20th century, English literature continued to evolve. Virginia Woolf’s ground-breaking novel Mrs. Dalloway explored the inner thoughts and lives of its characters with a modernist narrative style. Dystopian visions, as seen in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four provided stark warnings about the dangers of totalitarianism and the erosion of individual freedom.
Today, English literature is a global phenomenon, transcending borders and languages. Indian authors like Arundhati Roy, with her novel The God of Small Things, have won prestigious international literary awards. The book not only explores intricate family dynamics but also delves into the broader socio-political landscape of India. In summary, English literature is a testament to the enduring power of storytelling and the written word. It encompasses an array of authors, themes, and styles that continue to captivate and inspire readers across the world. - On the evening of the 10th, General Dyer arrived at Amritsar, and the Deputy-Commissioner handed over the civil power to him. He issued a proclamation by word of mouth that no meetings should be held. Two days later, after there had been no sort of riot, nor murder, General Dyer heard that a meeting was to be held at the Jallianwala Bagh. He proceeded there with about fifty troops, half British, half Indian, and a certain number of Ghurkas, armed with their kukris. The Jallianwala Bagh is an open space, half a mile square, which has one entry wide enough for three persons. The troops got in and lined up on a mound of debris. The walls, seven feet high, and the surrounding houses enclosed the people. There were, too, three alleys through which the people might have been able to pass. Within thirty seconds of the troops getting in, General Dyer gave orders to fire, and the crowd of people, estimated at anything from 5,000 to 20,000, who were sitting on the ground peacefully listening to the mob oratory, were fired on. The result of the troops’ fire into the mass of people we do not know. But we do know that Dyer’s own estimate of the casualties resulting from ten minutes continual individual firing, was 400 to 500 killed and 1,500 wounded. The people were not able to escape. They were people who had not offered any violence and who had not been warned. These people were shot down. After ten minutes, the ammunition was exhausted and the troops marched off, and they left 1,500 wounded there. There were men lying there for two days, dying of thirst, eating the ground, bleeding to death and nobody to look after them. Those who lived nearby came and carried away some of the wounded from the heap of dead and dying, but the unfortunate country people died there miserably of their wounds. This is what is done in 1919 in British India…
Centuries hence you will find Indian children brought up to this spot, just as they visit now the Cawnpore Well, and you can imagine the feelings of these Indians for generations over this terrible business.
[Col. Wedgwood, MP, speaking in the British Parliament, 22 December 1919]
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