Question

How is relief indicated on maps and charts? Mention any four ways.

Hint:

Think of numbers, lines, colours and shading used to show height on a flat map.

Answer 1

Step 1: Understand the question:
Relief means the ups and downs of the land, such as hills and valleys. A flat paper map has to show them with special signs. We must mention any four ways, one mark each.

Step 2: Way 1: spot heights and depths:
A spot height is a number written at a point to show how high the ground is. Depths are written in the same way for water.

Step 3: Way 2: contours and form lines:
Contours are lines that join places of equal height. Form lines are rough, broken lines that show the shape of the land where exact heights are not known.

Step 4: Way 3: layer tints:
Different colours are used for different height bands. For example, one shade for low land and another for high land.

Step 5: Way 4: hachures:
Hachures are short lines drawn in the direction of the slope. Thicker and closer lines show a steeper slope.

Step 6: Another way: hill shading:
Shading is added to one side of a hill to give a 3D look. Any four ways from the list are enough for full marks.

Final Answer:
Relief is shown by spot heights and depths, contours and form lines, layer tints, hachures and hill shading (any four). \[\boxed{\text{Spot heights; contours; layer tints; hachures}}\]