Comprehension
Every second patent granted in India between 2016-2021 is related to green technology and a quarter of the green technology patents are concerning alternative energy production, coinciding with the Centre's efforts on "enhanced use of green technology for boosting economy and encouraging consumers to use products produced through use of such technology". Data from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry shows that more than 91,500 patents were granted between 2016-17 and 2020-21, while the data for 2021-22 was not immediately available. However, going by the trend in the past two years, India is expected to clear at least 25,000 more applications this year. Separate data from the ministry shows that between 2016-17 and 2021-22 (up to January), 61,186 patents related to green technologies have been granted in the said period. Of these, 90% are for technologies concerning waste management and alternative energy production - 38,837 or 63% of them are related to waste management and more than 16,000 or 26% are for alternative energy production. The rest of the green technology patentsare for energy conservation (2,555), transportation technologies (2,481), nuclear power generation (1,079), agriculture-and-forestry (161), and others (69).
Question: 1
With which country india entered into a ‘Green Strategic Partnership’ in September 2020?
With which country india entered into a ‘Green Strategic Partnership’ in September 2020?
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Poland
- Greece
- Denmark
- South Korea
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The Correct Option is C
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The correct option is (C): Denmark.
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The question asks which country India signed a Green Strategic Partnership with in September 2020. Let's go through each option.
- Poland: India shares diplomatic and trade ties with Poland, but there is no Green Strategic Partnership agreement between the two countries dated to September 2020.
- Greece: India has cooperated with Greece on various fronts, but a Green Strategic Partnership specifically was not signed with Greece in 2020.
- Denmark: In September 2020, India and Denmark elevated their bilateral relationship to a Green Strategic Partnership, focused on cooperation in areas such as renewable energy, environment, agriculture, and water management, aligning with both countries' climate goals.
- South Korea: India's relationship with South Korea is framed as a Special Strategic Partnership in other contexts, but the specific green-focused partnership of September 2020 was not signed with South Korea.
The country that matches the description of a Green Strategic Partnership signed with India in September 2020 is Denmark.
Therefore, the correct answer is Denmark.
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Question: 2
In pursuance of the united Nations Sustainable development goals (SDG), india aims to be energy independent by the year
In pursuance of the united Nations Sustainable development goals (SDG), india aims to be energy independent by the year
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- 2047
- 2040
- 2045
- 2057
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The Correct Option is A
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The correct option is (A): 2047.
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The question asks for the target year India has set for becoming energy independent. Let's consider each option.
- 2047: This target year has been publicly stated as India's goal for achieving energy independence, and it is a deliberately symbolic choice, since 2047 marks 100 years since India's independence in 1947.
- 2040: While various energy-related targets exist for intermediate years, 2040 is not the year associated with India's stated energy independence goal.
- 2045: This year does not correspond to the official energy independence target either; it is close to but not the actual milestone year used.
- 2057: This year is well beyond the stated target and does not match any official milestone connected to India's energy independence goal.
The year that matches both the stated policy goal and the symbolic 100-year milestone from independence is 2047.
Therefore, the correct answer is 2047.
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Question: 3
According to the Global Innovation Index 2021 published by the World intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), india is ranked ____ out of 132 countries.
According to the Global Innovation Index 2021 published by the World intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), india is ranked ____ out of 132 countries.
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- 45th
- 46th
- 47th
- 48th
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The Correct Option is B
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The correct option is (B): 46th.
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The question asks for India's rank in the Global Innovation Index (GII) 2021, published by the World Intellectual Property Organization, out of 132 countries. Let's check each option.
- 45th: This is close to India's actual rank but not the precise figure recorded for the 2021 edition of the index.
- 46th: India was placed 46th in the Global Innovation Index 2021, an improvement from its rank of 48th in the 2020 edition, reflecting continued gains in the country's innovation performance.
- 47th: This figure is also close to but not the exact rank recorded for India in the 2021 edition.
- 48th: This was actually India's rank in the previous year's edition, 2020, not the 2021 edition referred to in the question.
The rank that matches the 2021 edition specifically, as opposed to the previous year's figure, is 46th.
Therefore, the correct answer is 46th.
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Question: 4
In January 2022, the Union Cabinet approved the second phase of the Green Energy Corridor (GEC) in india with the objective to facilitate
In January 2022, the Union Cabinet approved the second phase of the Green Energy Corridor (GEC) in india with the objective to facilitate
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Grid integration and power evacuation of Renewable Energy (RE) Power Projects in seven States.
- Ecologically sustainable growth by increasing carbon footprint.
- Ecologically sustainable production of fossil fuels.
- Spreading awareness regarding Renewable Energy (RE) Power Projects.
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The Correct Option is A
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The correct option is (A): Grid integration and power evacuation of Renewable Energy (RE) Power Projects in seven States.
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The question asks about the objective behind the Union Cabinet's January 2022 approval of the second phase of the Green Energy Corridor (GEC) scheme. Let's assess each option.
- Grid integration and power evacuation of Renewable Energy (RE) Power Projects in seven States: The Green Energy Corridor scheme exists specifically to strengthen intra-state transmission infrastructure so that electricity generated from renewable sources such as solar and wind can be reliably fed into and evacuated through the grid. The second phase, approved in January 2022, extended this to seven States, matching this description precisely.
- Ecologically sustainable growth by increasing carbon footprint: This is internally contradictory, since increasing carbon footprint runs directly counter to ecological sustainability, and it does not describe any real transmission or grid infrastructure scheme.
- Ecologically sustainable production of fossil fuels: Fossil fuel production is not the focus of the Green Energy Corridor scheme, which is built around renewable energy transmission, not fossil fuel output.
- Spreading awareness regarding Renewable Energy (RE) Power Projects: The GEC scheme is an infrastructure and grid-integration programme, not an awareness or outreach campaign, so this does not match its actual objective.
The scheme's real purpose is to build and strengthen the grid connections that allow renewable power to reach consumers, which is exactly what the first option describes.
Therefore, the correct answer is Grid integration and power evacuation of Renewable Energy (RE) Power Projects in seven States.
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Question: 5
The IRENA is an intergovernmental organization that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future and serves as the principal platform for international co-operation on renewable energy. IRENA stands for:
The IRENA is an intergovernmental organization that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future and serves as the principal platform for international co-operation on renewable energy. IRENA stands for:
Updated On: Jul 14, 2026
- Intergovernmental Renewable Energy Association
- International Renewable Energy Association
- Intergovernmental Renewable Energy Agency
- International Renewable Energy Agency
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The Correct Option is D
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The correct option is (D): International Renewable Energy Agency.
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The question asks for the full form of IRENA, described as an intergovernmental organisation supporting countries' transition to renewable energy. Let's break down each option by its two key words, International/Intergovernmental and Association/Agency.
- Intergovernmental Renewable Energy Association: This combines Intergovernmental with Association, but IRENA's own formal name uses International rather than Intergovernmental as its first word, so this does not match.
- International Renewable Energy Association: This gets the first word, International, right, but ends with Association rather than the correct Agency, so it is still not the exact official name.
- Intergovernmental Renewable Energy Agency: This gets the second word, Agency, right, but incorrectly starts with Intergovernmental instead of International.
- International Renewable Energy Agency: This is IRENA's actual, official full form, combining International with Agency, and matches the organisation's own formal name exactly, even though it is described in the passage as functioning in an intergovernmental capacity.
Only one option gets both words in the name exactly right.
Therefore, the correct answer is International Renewable Energy Agency.
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Top CLAT Questions
- In the realm of contemporary literature, the interplay between character and setting is a nuanced dance that shapes the narrative’s essence. The setting, often described with painstaking detail, becomes more than a backdrop; it becomes a character, influencing the plot and character development.
Consider, for instance, the barren expanse of the desert in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake. The arid landscape mirrors the sense of isolation felt by the protagonist, Gogol, as he navigates his identity crisis in a foreign land. The relentless sun and vast sands are not mere descriptions; they are the silent witnesses to his inner turmoil.
On the other end of the literary spectrum, there is Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things. The lush, vibrant Kerala backwaters are not just the setting; they are a character woven into the fabric of the story. The teeming, humid landscape reflects the complex web of human relationships and secrets that unravel in the narrative. This interplay is not confined to contemporary literature alone. In Shakespeare’s timeless tragedy Macbeth, the eerie and foreboding setting of the Scottish moors casts a dark shadow over the characters’ actions. The moors, shrouded in mist and mystery, serve as an ever-present omen of the impending tragedy. - The crisis of justice that is the subject matter of discussion in the media today is in fact the crisis of “justice for the middle class”. The main difference between India and the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries is that whereas the middle class in these countries has reasonable access to justice, in India it does not. A vocal and powerful middle class has emerged in India since 1991. It is demanding reasonable access to justice. Much of the judicial reform effort will help meet this demand…
The question of justice for the poor is, however, an altogether different challenge. No country in the world has been able to secure justice for the poor. Most of the jails of the richest countries are filled with the poorest. The “masses” are more often victims of the criminal justice system than of crime. In India as well, jails are almost exclusively filled with the poor. The civil justice system is hardly accessible to them. They are often victimised by lawyers, touts and court staff. They are docket-excluded, a new type of untouchability. The language and the logic—and the colonial and feudal culture—of the judicial system are alien to them. It rarely takes cognisance of their needs and interests.
Their main concern, therefore, is to escape the attention of the justice system, criminal and civil. A landless Dalit person in the interior of Madhya Pradesh once gave me an insightful definition of a court from the perspective of the masses: “A court is a place where you are forcibly taken by the police to be punished; no one goes to a court.” In contrast, many lawyers and judges colloquially define a court as “a temple of justice where rights are protected”.
These sharply divergent visions mean that justice for one section is often injustice for another. Protecting the livelihood of traditional taxi and auto drivers from predatory pricing by corporate app-based taxi providers by imaginatively using the available tools of law to delay their incursion would be seen by the rich and by sections of the middle class as a failure of the judicial system, and possibly as also resulting in a downgrading of the “ease of doing business” measure. However, the masses would see such a judicial intervention as strong evidence of a good justice system. Although the conflict over competing visions of the nation and conflicting demands from social and economic segments have confined judicial reform of judicial administration mainly to “neutral” areas such as process reform, procedural law, technology, planning and court and case management, judge strength, and the workload of judges, there has been considerable improvement in these areas, and the judicial system has improved its performance.
[Extracted, with edits, from “Justice and the Two Ideas of India”, by G. Mohan Gopal, Frontline] - Everything she wanted was here, at Carignano, in Kasauli. Here, on the ridge of the mountain, in this quiet house. It was the place, and the time of life, that she had wanted and prepared for all her life-as she realized on the first day at Carignano, with a great, cool flowering of relief - and at last she had it. She wanted no one and nothing else. Whatever else came, or happened here, would be an unwelcome intrusion and distraction. This she tried to convey to the plodding postman with a cold and piercing stare from the height of the ridge onto his honest bull back. Unfortunately, he did not look up at her on the hilltop but stared stolidly down at the dust piling onto his shoes as he plodded on. A bullock-man, an oafish ox, she thought bitterly. She stepped backwards into the garden and the wind suddenly billowed up and threw the pine branches about as though to curtain her. She was grey, tall and thin and her silk sari made a sweeping, shivering sound and she fancied she could merge with the pine trees and be mistaken for one. To be a tree, no more and no less, was all she was prepared to undertake.
What pleased and satisfied her so, here at Carignano, was its barrenness. This was the chief virtue of all Kasauli of course-its starkness. It had rocks, it had pines, it had light and air. In every direction there was a sweeping view - to the north, of the mountains, to the south, of the plains. Occasionally an eagle swam through this clear unobstructed mass of light and air, that was all. And Carignano, her home on the ridge, had no more than that. Why should it? The sun shone on its white walls. Its windows were open the ones facing north opened on to the blue waves of the Himalayas flowing out and up to the line of ice and snow sketched upon the sky, while those that faced south looked down the plunging cliff to the plain stretching out, flat and sere to the blurred horizon.
Yes, there were some apricot trees close to the house. There were clumps of iris that had finished blooming. There was the kitchen with a wing of smoke lifting out of its chimney and a stack of wood outside its door. But these were incidental, almost unimportant.
[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from “Fire on the Mountain” by Anita Desai] - English literature is a vast and diverse field that has left an indelible mark on the world of letters. From the eloquent plays of William Shakespeare to the complex novels of Jane Austen and the profound poetry of William Wordsworth, English literature offers a window into the human experience. One of the luminaries of English literature is William Shakespeare, often hailed as the greatest playwright in the history of English language. His works, including Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet, are celebrated for their exploration of human nature, love, ambition, and tragedy. His characters, such as the tormented Hamlet and the star-crossed lovers Romeo and Juliet, continue to captivate readers and audiences worldwide.
The 19th century ushered in a new era of literary giants. Jane Austen’s novels, such as Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility, provide incisive social commentary through the lens of wit and romance. Austen’s heroines, like Elizabeth Bennet and Elinor Dashwood, remain beloved literary figures known for their intelligence and resilience. The Romantic era brought forth poets like William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who celebrated * 8 UG the beauty of nature and the emotional intensity of the individual. Wordsworth’s ‘‘I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud’’ and Coleridge’s ‘‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’’ are testament to the power of the written words to evoke profound emotions and imagery. Moving towards 20th century, English literature continued to evolve. Virginia Woolf’s ground-breaking novel Mrs. Dalloway explored the inner thoughts and lives of its characters with a modernist narrative style. Dystopian visions, as seen in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four provided stark warnings about the dangers of totalitarianism and the erosion of individual freedom.
Today, English literature is a global phenomenon, transcending borders and languages. Indian authors like Arundhati Roy, with her novel The God of Small Things, have won prestigious international literary awards. The book not only explores intricate family dynamics but also delves into the broader socio-political landscape of India. In summary, English literature is a testament to the enduring power of storytelling and the written word. It encompasses an array of authors, themes, and styles that continue to captivate and inspire readers across the world. - On the evening of the 10th, General Dyer arrived at Amritsar, and the Deputy-Commissioner handed over the civil power to him. He issued a proclamation by word of mouth that no meetings should be held. Two days later, after there had been no sort of riot, nor murder, General Dyer heard that a meeting was to be held at the Jallianwala Bagh. He proceeded there with about fifty troops, half British, half Indian, and a certain number of Ghurkas, armed with their kukris. The Jallianwala Bagh is an open space, half a mile square, which has one entry wide enough for three persons. The troops got in and lined up on a mound of debris. The walls, seven feet high, and the surrounding houses enclosed the people. There were, too, three alleys through which the people might have been able to pass. Within thirty seconds of the troops getting in, General Dyer gave orders to fire, and the crowd of people, estimated at anything from 5,000 to 20,000, who were sitting on the ground peacefully listening to the mob oratory, were fired on. The result of the troops’ fire into the mass of people we do not know. But we do know that Dyer’s own estimate of the casualties resulting from ten minutes continual individual firing, was 400 to 500 killed and 1,500 wounded. The people were not able to escape. They were people who had not offered any violence and who had not been warned. These people were shot down. After ten minutes, the ammunition was exhausted and the troops marched off, and they left 1,500 wounded there. There were men lying there for two days, dying of thirst, eating the ground, bleeding to death and nobody to look after them. Those who lived nearby came and carried away some of the wounded from the heap of dead and dying, but the unfortunate country people died there miserably of their wounds. This is what is done in 1919 in British India…
Centuries hence you will find Indian children brought up to this spot, just as they visit now the Cawnpore Well, and you can imagine the feelings of these Indians for generations over this terrible business.
[Col. Wedgwood, MP, speaking in the British Parliament, 22 December 1919]
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