Co-ordination refers to the process of integrating and harmonising the activities of different departments and individuals.
It ensures that all efforts are directed towards achieving organisational goals efficiently.
Co-ordination is required at all levels of management and in all managerial functions such as planning, organising, staffing, directing, and controlling.
Without co-ordination, management functions cannot work smoothly or effectively.
Therefore, co-ordination is rightly called the essence of management.