Comprehension
Chromosomes are structures in the nucleus of a cell containing DNA, histone protein, and other structural proteins. Chromosomes also contain genes, most of which are made up of DNA and RNA. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, determines whether our eyes are blue or brown, how tall we will be, and even our preference for certain types of behaviour. Known as our "genetic code," it is shaped like a double helix, made of sequences of nucleic acids attached to a sugar phosphate backbone. Genes are subsections of DNA molecules linked together that create a particular characteristic. Each chromosome is made up of a single DNA molecule coiled around histone proteins. Research dating back to the 1800s shows that every living creature has a specific set of chromosomes in the nucleus of each of its cells. Human chromosomes are divided into two types-autosomes and sex chromosomes. Some genetic traits are linked to a person's sex and therefore passed on by the sex chromosomes. The autosomes contain the remainder of a person's genetic information. All human beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes by which genetic material is developed and characteristically demonstrated; 22 of these are autosomes, while the remaining pair (either XX, female, or XY, male) represents a person's sex chromosomes. These 23 pairs of chromosomes work together to create the person we ultimately become. Chromosomal abnormalities can occur during foetal development if something goes wrong during the replication of the cells. Common abnormalities include Down syndrome (caused by an extra chromosome #21), Klinefelter syndrome (caused by an extra X chromosome), and Turner syndrome (caused by a missing X chromosome). Genetic counselling is available for families in order to determine if any abnormalities exist that may be passed along to offspring. Many chromosomal abnormalities are of psychological importance, with substantial impacts on mental processes; for example, Down syndrome can cause mild to moderate intellectual disabilities. As science advances, the ability to manipulate chromosomes is becoming more realized. Cloning is an example of taking chromosomal and genetic material and creating a new animal, and was first successfully achieved in the famous example of Dolly the sheep. There is much controversy surrounding the manipulation of chromosomes in human beings, with many people believing it to be unethical. Genetic expression can be influenced by various social factors, as well as environmental factors, from light and temperature to exposure to chemicals.
Question: 1

According to the passage, DNA determines all of the following EXCEPT;

Updated On: Mar 5, 2025
  • Colour of the eye
  • Height of the person
  • Behaviour of the person
  • Time of a person's death
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The Correct Option is D

Solution and Explanation

DNA plays a crucial role in determining traits like eye color, height, and even aspects of a person’s behavior, but it does not control when a person will die. The concept of death is influenced by external factors such as environment, lifestyle, and health, which DNA does not determine

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Question: 2

Which of the following syndromes is caused by an extra X chromosome?

Updated On: Mar 5, 2025
  • Down syndrome
  • Klinefelter syndrome
  • Turner syndrome
  • XYY syndrome
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The Correct Option is B

Solution and Explanation

Klinefelter syndrome occurs when a male has two X chromosomes instead of one (XXY). This condition results from an extra X chromosome. It affects males and leads to infertility, less muscle tone, and taller stature compared to average males

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Question: 3

Cloning was first successfully achieved in the famous example of

Updated On: Mar 5, 2025
  • Dolly the sheep
  • Dolly the cat
  • Dolly the cow
  • Dolly the pigeon
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The Correct Option is A

Solution and Explanation

Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned using a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). This experiment was a breakthrough in cloning technology, as Dolly was cloned from an adult mammary gland cell.

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Question: 4

According to the passage which of the following is NOT a true statement?

Updated On: Mar 5, 2025
  • Social and environmental factors can alter genetic expression.
  • Characteristics of a person depend on the subsections of DNA, genes.
  • Every living creature acquires a specific set of chromosomes after birth
  • Nucleus of a cell contains DNA, histone protein, and other structural proteins.
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The Correct Option is C

Solution and Explanation

Option (C) is incorrect because living creatures acquire chromosomes at fertilization, not after birth. Chromosomes are inherited from the parents, and the process of fertilization gives the offspring a specific set of chromosomes.

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Question: 5

Controversy surrounding the manipulation of chromosomes in human beings is because

Updated On: Mar 5, 2025
  • people consider it incomplete
  • it is premature conclusion
  • such research is costly
  • the process is unethical
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The Correct Option is D

Solution and Explanation

The controversy arises due to ethical concerns over manipulating human chromosomes, as it involves altering the genetic makeup of individuals, potentially leading to unforeseen consequences. This is considered unethical by many because it may have long-term implications on the human gene pool.

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Question: 6

Genetic counselling is available for families

Updated On: Mar 5, 2025
  • to identify if any abnormalities exist and if they will be passed on to offspring
  • because they must be prepared to tackle the side effects of abnormalities
  • to prepare them for the eventual abnormalities among all their offspring
  • because it will help parents to welcome their newly born baby better
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The Correct Option is A

Solution and Explanation

Genetic counseling helps families identify any genetic abnormalities that may be passed on to their offspring. This allows them to make informed decisions about reproduction and health

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