Comprehension
Asia is at the front line of climate change. Extreme heat in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, wildfires in Australia, typhoons in Japan, are real and present dangers and likely to become more frequent as climate change intensifies. McKinsey’s report on ‘Climate risk and response in Asia’, finds that, without adaptation and mitigation, Asia is expected to experience more severe socioeconomic impacts of climate change than other parts of the world. Large cities in the Indian Subcontinent could be among the first places in the world to experience heat waves that exceed the survivability threshold. Just as information systems and cybersecurity have become integrated into corporate and public-sector decision making, climate change will also need to feature as a major factor in decisions. Climate science tells us that some amount of warming over the next decade is already locked in due to past emissions, and temperatures will continue to rise. India anticipates a significant infrastructure build out over the next decades with projects worth $1.77 trillion across 34 sub sectors, according to the National Infrastructure Pipeline. Robust regulations around outdoor work could significantly reduce the economic risk of lost hours as well as the toll on life from heat waves. The good news is that we have started to see some Indian states and cities pursuing such policies. Ahmedabad City Corporation introduced a heat action plan- the first of its kind in India in response to the 2010 heat wave that killed 300 people in a single day. The city now has a heat-wave early warning system, a citywide programme of roof reflectivity to keep buildings cool, and teams to distribute cool water and rehydration tablets during heat waves. Renewable energy has grown rapidly in India and can contribute 30 per cent of gross electricity generation by 2030, according to the Central Electricity Authority.
Question: 1
Which of the following cannot be inferred from the above passage?
Which of the following cannot be inferred from the above passage?
Updated On: Jul 15, 2026
- It is imperative to lessen our vulnerability to harmful effects of climate change.
- Increase in mitigation strategies will eventually lead to an increase in pollutants
- Reduction of emissions which are heat-trapping and harmful for environment should be our primary goal.
- The infrastructure development plans need to be climate friendly
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The Correct Option is B
Approach Solution - 1
The correct Answer is (B):Increase in mitigation strategies will eventually lead to an increase in pollutants
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Approach Solution -2
The passage explains that Asia faces severe climate risks and argues for adaptation and mitigation, including reduced emissions, heat action plans, and renewable energy. A "cannot be inferred" question asks for the one option that goes against or has no support in this argument.
- It is imperative to lessen our vulnerability to harmful effects of climate change: The passage's entire discussion of heat waves, the survivability threshold, and Ahmedabad's heat action plan supports the idea that India needs to reduce its exposure to climate harm, so this follows directly.
- Increase in mitigation strategies will eventually lead to an increase in pollutants: Mitigation, in the sense the passage uses it, means cutting emissions and building renewable capacity, both of which lower pollutants over time. Saying that more mitigation leads to more pollutants reverses the passage's own logic and finds no support in the text.
- Reduction of emissions which are heat-trapping and harmful for environment should be our primary goal: This lines up with the passage's emphasis on emission reduction, decarbonising industry, and moving toward renewable energy, so it can be inferred.
- The infrastructure development plans need to be climate friendly: The passage links the $1.77 trillion National Infrastructure Pipeline directly to the need for climate-conscious planning, so this also follows from the text.
Three of the four options restate positions the passage supports; only the claim that more mitigation increases pollutants contradicts what mitigation is described as doing.
So the correct answer is increase in mitigation strategies will eventually lead to an increase in pollutants.
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Question: 2
Consider the following statements:
I. The impact of increasing heat is more on the ones who are economically poor and engaged in outdoor employment.
II. Risk to environment is directly related to change in climate.
III. A localised understanding of climate risk is essential to mitigate the risk. As per the above passage, which of these statements is implicit?
Consider the following statements:
I. The impact of increasing heat is more on the ones who are economically poor and engaged in outdoor employment.
II. Risk to environment is directly related to change in climate.
III. A localised understanding of climate risk is essential to mitigate the risk. As per the above passage, which of these statements is implicit?
I. The impact of increasing heat is more on the ones who are economically poor and engaged in outdoor employment.
II. Risk to environment is directly related to change in climate.
III. A localised understanding of climate risk is essential to mitigate the risk. As per the above passage, which of these statements is implicit?
Updated On: Jul 15, 2026
- I only.
- I and II.
- I, II and III.
- I and III.
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The Correct Option is C
Approach Solution - 1
The correct Answer is (C):I, II and III.
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Approach Solution -2
This question tests which of three statements is implicit in the passage, meaning each statement must be checked separately for textual support before combining them into an option.
- I only: Statement I holds since the passage links regulations on outdoor work to reducing both economic loss and loss of life from heat waves, work that is often done by economically weaker groups exposed directly to extreme heat. But choosing "I only" would wrongly exclude II and III, which also hold up.
- I and II: Statement II is a safe implication too, since the passage's whole argument rests on environmental risk rising as the climate changes. This option is closer but still leaves out III.
- I, II and III: Statement III is supported by the passage's own example of Ahmedabad building a city-specific heat action plan after its 2010 heat wave, an early warning system, roof reflectivity, and water distribution tailored to that city, showing that climate risk needs a localised response. With I and II also standing, all three are implicit together.
- I and III: This combination drops statement II, which is directly supported by the passage's central claim connecting climate change to rising environmental risk, so this option is incomplete.
Since each of the three statements finds separate support in the passage, the option that keeps all three together is the accurate one.
So the correct answer is I, II and III.
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Question: 3
Which of the following strategies is not appropriate to reduce the climate change risk?
Which of the following strategies is not appropriate to reduce the climate change risk?
Updated On: Jul 15, 2026
- Decreasing energy efficiency.
- Carbon Pricing System.
- Decarbonising industrial operations and buildings
- Investments in adaptive technologies.
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The Correct Option is A
Approach Solution - 1
The correct Answer is (A):Decreasing energy efficiency.
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The passage lists several strategies Asia and India can use to lower climate risk, so this question asks which listed option actually works against that goal instead of supporting it.
- Decreasing energy efficiency: Lower energy efficiency means more energy, and usually more emissions, are needed to do the same amount of work. That runs directly against reducing climate risk rather than helping it.
- Carbon Pricing System: Putting a price on carbon is a standard tool for cutting emissions by making polluting activity more costly, which fits the passage's broader push toward lower emissions.
- Decarbonising industrial operations and buildings: Cutting carbon from industry and buildings targets emissions at their source and matches the passage's emphasis on reducing heat-trapping gases.
- Investments in adaptive technologies: The passage frames adaptation, alongside mitigation, as central to managing Asia's climate risk, so investing in technologies that help adaptation is squarely appropriate.
Three of the four options describe genuine risk-reducing measures. Only decreasing energy efficiency pulls in the opposite direction, since it raises rather than lowers the energy and emissions burden.
So the correct answer is decreasing energy efficiency.
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Question: 4
As per the above passage, which of the following is a major challenge to control the climate change?
As per the above passage, which of the following is a major challenge to control the climate change?
Updated On: Jul 15, 2026
- Reliance on non-renewable energy is significant for economic growth.
- Renewable energy is now utilised in many sectors to curb the increasing risk of climate change.
- Remedial actions for climate change are encouraged to lessen the risk of global warming.
- Regulated industrialisation keeps a balance between growth and environment.
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The Correct Option is A
Approach Solution - 1
The correct Answer is (A): Reliance on non-renewable energy is significant for economic growth.
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The question wants an option describing an obstacle to controlling climate change, not a measure that helps control it, so each option needs to be checked for whether it works for or against that control.
- Reliance on non-renewable energy is significant for economic growth: If growth still depends heavily on non-renewable energy, cutting emissions becomes harder because economies resist giving up that energy source. This describes a genuine barrier to controlling climate change.
- Renewable energy is now utilised in many sectors to curb the increasing risk of climate change: This describes renewable energy actively helping to manage the risk, which is a positive development, not a challenge.
- Remedial actions for climate change are encouraged to lessen the risk of global warming: Encouraging remedial action is again a helpful step forward, the opposite of an obstacle.
- Regulated industrialisation keeps a balance between growth and environment: Balanced, regulated industrial growth is presented as a solution that manages both growth and environmental impact, not a difficulty.
Only the option about continued reliance on non-renewable energy for growth describes something that makes controlling climate change harder.
So the correct answer is reliance on non-renewable energy is significant for economic growth.
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Question: 5
Consider the following statement- “Just as information systems and cybersecurity have become integrated into corporate and public-sector decision making, climate change will also need to feature as a major factor in decisions.” Which of the following is the most appropriate explanation for the above statement?
Consider the following statement- “Just as information systems and cybersecurity have become integrated into corporate and public-sector decision making, climate change will also need to feature as a major factor in decisions.” Which of the following is the most appropriate explanation for the above statement?
Updated On: Jul 15, 2026
- Decision making by organisations should not depend on the climate conditions which may lead to hampering their growth.
- Monetary investments in adoption of climate friendly tools is not an urgent need.
- The understanding of climate risk should not be integrated into decision making.
- Organisations must incorporate climate risk, build the necessary infrastructural capabilities and tools to diagnose risks.
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The Correct Option is D
Approach Solution - 1
The correct Answer is (D):Organisations must incorporate climate risk, build the necessary infrastructural capabilities and tools to diagnose risks.
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The quoted line compares climate change to cybersecurity as a factor that organisations must now build into their decision making, so the correct option should reflect that organisations need to actively plan for climate risk, not avoid or delay it.
- Decision making by organisations should not depend on the climate conditions which may lead to hampering their growth: This says the opposite of the quoted line, which explicitly asks organisations to factor climate change into decisions, growth concerns included.
- Monetary investments in adoption of climate friendly tools is not an urgent need: Treating climate investment as non-urgent contradicts a statement that puts climate change on the same footing as cybersecurity, which every organisation already treats as urgent.
- The understanding of climate risk should not be integrated into decision making: This directly reverses the quoted sentence, which calls for exactly that integration.
- Organisations must incorporate climate risk, build the necessary infrastructural capabilities and tools to diagnose risks: This restates the comparison faithfully: just as firms built cybersecurity capability into decisions, they now need equivalent capability and tools for climate risk.
The first three options all contradict or weaken the quoted comparison, while the fourth carries it forward accurately.
So the correct answer is organisations must incorporate climate risk, build the necessary infrastructural capabilities and tools to diagnose risks.
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Top CLAT Questions
- In the realm of contemporary literature, the interplay between character and setting is a nuanced dance that shapes the narrative’s essence. The setting, often described with painstaking detail, becomes more than a backdrop; it becomes a character, influencing the plot and character development.
Consider, for instance, the barren expanse of the desert in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake. The arid landscape mirrors the sense of isolation felt by the protagonist, Gogol, as he navigates his identity crisis in a foreign land. The relentless sun and vast sands are not mere descriptions; they are the silent witnesses to his inner turmoil.
On the other end of the literary spectrum, there is Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things. The lush, vibrant Kerala backwaters are not just the setting; they are a character woven into the fabric of the story. The teeming, humid landscape reflects the complex web of human relationships and secrets that unravel in the narrative. This interplay is not confined to contemporary literature alone. In Shakespeare’s timeless tragedy Macbeth, the eerie and foreboding setting of the Scottish moors casts a dark shadow over the characters’ actions. The moors, shrouded in mist and mystery, serve as an ever-present omen of the impending tragedy. - The crisis of justice that is the subject matter of discussion in the media today is in fact the crisis of “justice for the middle class”. The main difference between India and the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries is that whereas the middle class in these countries has reasonable access to justice, in India it does not. A vocal and powerful middle class has emerged in India since 1991. It is demanding reasonable access to justice. Much of the judicial reform effort will help meet this demand…
The question of justice for the poor is, however, an altogether different challenge. No country in the world has been able to secure justice for the poor. Most of the jails of the richest countries are filled with the poorest. The “masses” are more often victims of the criminal justice system than of crime. In India as well, jails are almost exclusively filled with the poor. The civil justice system is hardly accessible to them. They are often victimised by lawyers, touts and court staff. They are docket-excluded, a new type of untouchability. The language and the logic—and the colonial and feudal culture—of the judicial system are alien to them. It rarely takes cognisance of their needs and interests.
Their main concern, therefore, is to escape the attention of the justice system, criminal and civil. A landless Dalit person in the interior of Madhya Pradesh once gave me an insightful definition of a court from the perspective of the masses: “A court is a place where you are forcibly taken by the police to be punished; no one goes to a court.” In contrast, many lawyers and judges colloquially define a court as “a temple of justice where rights are protected”.
These sharply divergent visions mean that justice for one section is often injustice for another. Protecting the livelihood of traditional taxi and auto drivers from predatory pricing by corporate app-based taxi providers by imaginatively using the available tools of law to delay their incursion would be seen by the rich and by sections of the middle class as a failure of the judicial system, and possibly as also resulting in a downgrading of the “ease of doing business” measure. However, the masses would see such a judicial intervention as strong evidence of a good justice system. Although the conflict over competing visions of the nation and conflicting demands from social and economic segments have confined judicial reform of judicial administration mainly to “neutral” areas such as process reform, procedural law, technology, planning and court and case management, judge strength, and the workload of judges, there has been considerable improvement in these areas, and the judicial system has improved its performance.
[Extracted, with edits, from “Justice and the Two Ideas of India”, by G. Mohan Gopal, Frontline] - Everything she wanted was here, at Carignano, in Kasauli. Here, on the ridge of the mountain, in this quiet house. It was the place, and the time of life, that she had wanted and prepared for all her life-as she realized on the first day at Carignano, with a great, cool flowering of relief - and at last she had it. She wanted no one and nothing else. Whatever else came, or happened here, would be an unwelcome intrusion and distraction. This she tried to convey to the plodding postman with a cold and piercing stare from the height of the ridge onto his honest bull back. Unfortunately, he did not look up at her on the hilltop but stared stolidly down at the dust piling onto his shoes as he plodded on. A bullock-man, an oafish ox, she thought bitterly. She stepped backwards into the garden and the wind suddenly billowed up and threw the pine branches about as though to curtain her. She was grey, tall and thin and her silk sari made a sweeping, shivering sound and she fancied she could merge with the pine trees and be mistaken for one. To be a tree, no more and no less, was all she was prepared to undertake.
What pleased and satisfied her so, here at Carignano, was its barrenness. This was the chief virtue of all Kasauli of course-its starkness. It had rocks, it had pines, it had light and air. In every direction there was a sweeping view - to the north, of the mountains, to the south, of the plains. Occasionally an eagle swam through this clear unobstructed mass of light and air, that was all. And Carignano, her home on the ridge, had no more than that. Why should it? The sun shone on its white walls. Its windows were open the ones facing north opened on to the blue waves of the Himalayas flowing out and up to the line of ice and snow sketched upon the sky, while those that faced south looked down the plunging cliff to the plain stretching out, flat and sere to the blurred horizon.
Yes, there were some apricot trees close to the house. There were clumps of iris that had finished blooming. There was the kitchen with a wing of smoke lifting out of its chimney and a stack of wood outside its door. But these were incidental, almost unimportant.
[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from “Fire on the Mountain” by Anita Desai] - English literature is a vast and diverse field that has left an indelible mark on the world of letters. From the eloquent plays of William Shakespeare to the complex novels of Jane Austen and the profound poetry of William Wordsworth, English literature offers a window into the human experience. One of the luminaries of English literature is William Shakespeare, often hailed as the greatest playwright in the history of English language. His works, including Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet, are celebrated for their exploration of human nature, love, ambition, and tragedy. His characters, such as the tormented Hamlet and the star-crossed lovers Romeo and Juliet, continue to captivate readers and audiences worldwide.
The 19th century ushered in a new era of literary giants. Jane Austen’s novels, such as Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility, provide incisive social commentary through the lens of wit and romance. Austen’s heroines, like Elizabeth Bennet and Elinor Dashwood, remain beloved literary figures known for their intelligence and resilience. The Romantic era brought forth poets like William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who celebrated * 8 UG the beauty of nature and the emotional intensity of the individual. Wordsworth’s ‘‘I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud’’ and Coleridge’s ‘‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’’ are testament to the power of the written words to evoke profound emotions and imagery. Moving towards 20th century, English literature continued to evolve. Virginia Woolf’s ground-breaking novel Mrs. Dalloway explored the inner thoughts and lives of its characters with a modernist narrative style. Dystopian visions, as seen in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four provided stark warnings about the dangers of totalitarianism and the erosion of individual freedom.
Today, English literature is a global phenomenon, transcending borders and languages. Indian authors like Arundhati Roy, with her novel The God of Small Things, have won prestigious international literary awards. The book not only explores intricate family dynamics but also delves into the broader socio-political landscape of India. In summary, English literature is a testament to the enduring power of storytelling and the written word. It encompasses an array of authors, themes, and styles that continue to captivate and inspire readers across the world. - On the evening of the 10th, General Dyer arrived at Amritsar, and the Deputy-Commissioner handed over the civil power to him. He issued a proclamation by word of mouth that no meetings should be held. Two days later, after there had been no sort of riot, nor murder, General Dyer heard that a meeting was to be held at the Jallianwala Bagh. He proceeded there with about fifty troops, half British, half Indian, and a certain number of Ghurkas, armed with their kukris. The Jallianwala Bagh is an open space, half a mile square, which has one entry wide enough for three persons. The troops got in and lined up on a mound of debris. The walls, seven feet high, and the surrounding houses enclosed the people. There were, too, three alleys through which the people might have been able to pass. Within thirty seconds of the troops getting in, General Dyer gave orders to fire, and the crowd of people, estimated at anything from 5,000 to 20,000, who were sitting on the ground peacefully listening to the mob oratory, were fired on. The result of the troops’ fire into the mass of people we do not know. But we do know that Dyer’s own estimate of the casualties resulting from ten minutes continual individual firing, was 400 to 500 killed and 1,500 wounded. The people were not able to escape. They were people who had not offered any violence and who had not been warned. These people were shot down. After ten minutes, the ammunition was exhausted and the troops marched off, and they left 1,500 wounded there. There were men lying there for two days, dying of thirst, eating the ground, bleeding to death and nobody to look after them. Those who lived nearby came and carried away some of the wounded from the heap of dead and dying, but the unfortunate country people died there miserably of their wounds. This is what is done in 1919 in British India…
Centuries hence you will find Indian children brought up to this spot, just as they visit now the Cawnpore Well, and you can imagine the feelings of these Indians for generations over this terrible business.
[Col. Wedgwood, MP, speaking in the British Parliament, 22 December 1919]
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