Comprehension
As soon as the coronavirus hit the world, India emphasised the imperative of collaboration to overcome the inimical health and economic impact of the virus. It was with this objective that the Indian government organised a virtual meeting of SAARC leaders on March 15, 2020. In the initial months of the pandemic, India, by virtue of the fact that it is the ‘pharmacy of the world’, ramped up production of essential medicines like hydroxychloroquine, paracetamol etc. as well as Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) kits, ventilators and masks. In the rapidly evolving global geo-political landscape, the healing and supportive actions by India through supply of Covishield and Covaxin vaccines will have a huge impact in promoting peace, security, cooperation and prosperity in the region and the world. This is all the more commendable when there are only few countries in the world who have thus far been able to successfully manufacture COVID-19 vaccines
Question: 1
The Minister of Health and Family Welfare is
The Minister of Health and Family Welfare is
Updated On: Jul 15, 2026
- Shri Mansukh Mandaviya
- Dr. Harsh Vardhan
- Shri Ashwini Kumar Choubey
- Shri Rajnath Singh
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The Correct Option is A
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The correct Answer is (A):Shri Mansukh Mandaviya
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This question asks for the person holding the position of Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare, going by elimination of the other names listed against their actual roles.
- Shri Mansukh Mandaviya: He took charge of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, making him the correct holder of this portfolio.
- Dr. Harsh Vardhan: He had earlier held this portfolio and led India's early pandemic response, but he was not the minister holding the post afterward, since the portfolio was reassigned in a subsequent reshuffle.
- Shri Ashwini Kumar Choubey: He served as a Minister of State in the Health Ministry, assisting the Cabinet minister, but he did not hold the top charge of the ministry himself.
- Shri Rajnath Singh: He holds the Defence portfolio, which has no connection to the Health Ministry, so this option can be ruled out immediately.
Ruling out the Minister of State and the Defence Minister leaves the two former and current Health Ministers to compare, and the one actually holding the post is Mansukh Mandaviya.
The correct answer is Shri Mansukh Mandaviya.
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Question: 2
What is the amount that India has created to contribute in SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund?
What is the amount that India has created to contribute in SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund?
Updated On: Jul 15, 2026
- $20 million
- $10 million
- $15 million
- $17 million
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The Correct Option is B
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The correct Answer is (B):$10 million
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This question checks the size of India's initial contribution to the SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund, announced by the Prime Minister during the March 2020 SAARC video conference.
- $20 million: This figure is higher than what India actually pledged at the time and does not match the announced amount.
- $10 million: This matches the amount India announced as its initial offer to seed the SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund, inviting other member states to contribute as they were able.
- $15 million: This falls between the other figures but is not the number that was actually announced.
- $17 million: This is also not the announced figure and does not correspond to any official statement on the fund.
Only the ten million dollar figure lines up with what was actually announced when the fund was proposed, with other SAARC nations adding their own contributions afterward.
The correct answer is $10 million.
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Question: 3
Which of the following countries were the first to receive supplies of vaccines from India?
Which of the following countries were the first to receive supplies of vaccines from India?
Updated On: Jul 15, 2026
- Nepal and Bangladesh
- Bhutan and Myanmar
- Bangladesh and Bhutan
- Bhutan and Maldives
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The Correct Option is D
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The correct Answer is (D): Bhutan and Maldives
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This question is about which countries received India's vaccine supplies first, under what became known as the Vaccine Maitri initiative.
- Nepal and Bangladesh: Both countries did receive vaccines from India, but only in the batch of shipments that followed the very first one, not as the earliest recipients.
- Bhutan and Myanmar: Bhutan was indeed an early recipient, but Myanmar was not part of the first shipment, so this pairing is incorrect.
- Bangladesh and Bhutan: Bhutan fits, but Bangladesh received its consignment slightly after the very first deliveries, so this combination does not match the earliest recipients.
- Bhutan and Maldives: These two neighbouring countries were the first to receive vaccine consignments from India, with shipments landing there right at the start of the rollout, ahead of the other regional deliveries.
Checking the order of deliveries shows Bhutan paired with Maldives as the earliest recipients, while Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar all followed in the days after.
The correct answer is Bhutan and Maldives.
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Question: 4
Under which of the following initiatives has the Government of India decided to supply vaccines to the foreign countries?
Under which of the following initiatives has the Government of India decided to supply vaccines to the foreign countries?
Updated On: Jul 15, 2026
- Vaccine Ujala
- Vaccine Dosti
- Vaccine Maitri
- Vaccine Rishta
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The Correct Option is C
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The correct Answer is (C):Vaccine Maitri
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This question is testing recall of the official name given to India's initiative for supplying COVID-19 vaccines to other countries.
- Vaccine Ujala: This is not an actual government initiative name; it does not correspond to any scheme related to vaccine diplomacy.
- Vaccine Dosti: This name sounds plausible but was never the term used by the government for this program.
- Vaccine Maitri: This is the actual name the Government of India gave to its initiative of supplying vaccines to friendly and neighbouring countries as part of its foreign policy outreach during the pandemic.
- Vaccine Rishta: Like the other incorrect options, this is not a name that was ever officially used for the vaccine supply program.
Among the four names, only one matches the actual program the government ran, since Maitri, meaning friendship, was chosen to reflect the diplomatic intent behind the vaccine supplies.
The correct answer is Vaccine Maitri.
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Question: 5
COVAXIN, India’s indigenous COVID-19 vaccine is developed by_________
COVAXIN, India’s indigenous COVID-19 vaccine is developed by_________
Updated On: Jul 15, 2026
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in partnership with Bharat Biotech International Limited (BBIL)
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
- Bharat Biotech International Limited (BBIL)
- Serum Institute of India
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The Correct Option is A
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The correct Answer is (A):Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
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This question checks who actually developed Covaxin, India's indigenous COVID-19 vaccine.
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in partnership with Bharat Biotech International Limited (BBIL): This correctly describes the joint development, with ICMR providing the virus strain isolated by the National Institute of Virology and BBIL handling vaccine development and manufacturing.
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR): ICMR was involved, but naming it alone leaves out BBIL, which actually built and manufactured the vaccine, so this option is incomplete.
- Bharat Biotech International Limited (BBIL): BBIL was the manufacturing partner, but naming it alone leaves out ICMR's role in providing the isolated virus strain used to develop the vaccine.
- Serum Institute of India: This company manufactures Covishield, a different vaccine, not Covaxin, so it does not belong in this answer at all.
Covaxin was the product of a collaboration, so any option naming only one of the two organisations involved is incomplete, and the option naming Serum Institute belongs to a different vaccine altogether.
The correct answer is Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in partnership with Bharat Biotech International Limited (BBIL).
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Top CLAT Questions
- In the realm of contemporary literature, the interplay between character and setting is a nuanced dance that shapes the narrative’s essence. The setting, often described with painstaking detail, becomes more than a backdrop; it becomes a character, influencing the plot and character development.
Consider, for instance, the barren expanse of the desert in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake. The arid landscape mirrors the sense of isolation felt by the protagonist, Gogol, as he navigates his identity crisis in a foreign land. The relentless sun and vast sands are not mere descriptions; they are the silent witnesses to his inner turmoil.
On the other end of the literary spectrum, there is Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things. The lush, vibrant Kerala backwaters are not just the setting; they are a character woven into the fabric of the story. The teeming, humid landscape reflects the complex web of human relationships and secrets that unravel in the narrative. This interplay is not confined to contemporary literature alone. In Shakespeare’s timeless tragedy Macbeth, the eerie and foreboding setting of the Scottish moors casts a dark shadow over the characters’ actions. The moors, shrouded in mist and mystery, serve as an ever-present omen of the impending tragedy. - The crisis of justice that is the subject matter of discussion in the media today is in fact the crisis of “justice for the middle class”. The main difference between India and the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries is that whereas the middle class in these countries has reasonable access to justice, in India it does not. A vocal and powerful middle class has emerged in India since 1991. It is demanding reasonable access to justice. Much of the judicial reform effort will help meet this demand…
The question of justice for the poor is, however, an altogether different challenge. No country in the world has been able to secure justice for the poor. Most of the jails of the richest countries are filled with the poorest. The “masses” are more often victims of the criminal justice system than of crime. In India as well, jails are almost exclusively filled with the poor. The civil justice system is hardly accessible to them. They are often victimised by lawyers, touts and court staff. They are docket-excluded, a new type of untouchability. The language and the logic—and the colonial and feudal culture—of the judicial system are alien to them. It rarely takes cognisance of their needs and interests.
Their main concern, therefore, is to escape the attention of the justice system, criminal and civil. A landless Dalit person in the interior of Madhya Pradesh once gave me an insightful definition of a court from the perspective of the masses: “A court is a place where you are forcibly taken by the police to be punished; no one goes to a court.” In contrast, many lawyers and judges colloquially define a court as “a temple of justice where rights are protected”.
These sharply divergent visions mean that justice for one section is often injustice for another. Protecting the livelihood of traditional taxi and auto drivers from predatory pricing by corporate app-based taxi providers by imaginatively using the available tools of law to delay their incursion would be seen by the rich and by sections of the middle class as a failure of the judicial system, and possibly as also resulting in a downgrading of the “ease of doing business” measure. However, the masses would see such a judicial intervention as strong evidence of a good justice system. Although the conflict over competing visions of the nation and conflicting demands from social and economic segments have confined judicial reform of judicial administration mainly to “neutral” areas such as process reform, procedural law, technology, planning and court and case management, judge strength, and the workload of judges, there has been considerable improvement in these areas, and the judicial system has improved its performance.
[Extracted, with edits, from “Justice and the Two Ideas of India”, by G. Mohan Gopal, Frontline] - Everything she wanted was here, at Carignano, in Kasauli. Here, on the ridge of the mountain, in this quiet house. It was the place, and the time of life, that she had wanted and prepared for all her life-as she realized on the first day at Carignano, with a great, cool flowering of relief - and at last she had it. She wanted no one and nothing else. Whatever else came, or happened here, would be an unwelcome intrusion and distraction. This she tried to convey to the plodding postman with a cold and piercing stare from the height of the ridge onto his honest bull back. Unfortunately, he did not look up at her on the hilltop but stared stolidly down at the dust piling onto his shoes as he plodded on. A bullock-man, an oafish ox, she thought bitterly. She stepped backwards into the garden and the wind suddenly billowed up and threw the pine branches about as though to curtain her. She was grey, tall and thin and her silk sari made a sweeping, shivering sound and she fancied she could merge with the pine trees and be mistaken for one. To be a tree, no more and no less, was all she was prepared to undertake.
What pleased and satisfied her so, here at Carignano, was its barrenness. This was the chief virtue of all Kasauli of course-its starkness. It had rocks, it had pines, it had light and air. In every direction there was a sweeping view - to the north, of the mountains, to the south, of the plains. Occasionally an eagle swam through this clear unobstructed mass of light and air, that was all. And Carignano, her home on the ridge, had no more than that. Why should it? The sun shone on its white walls. Its windows were open the ones facing north opened on to the blue waves of the Himalayas flowing out and up to the line of ice and snow sketched upon the sky, while those that faced south looked down the plunging cliff to the plain stretching out, flat and sere to the blurred horizon.
Yes, there were some apricot trees close to the house. There were clumps of iris that had finished blooming. There was the kitchen with a wing of smoke lifting out of its chimney and a stack of wood outside its door. But these were incidental, almost unimportant.
[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from “Fire on the Mountain” by Anita Desai] - English literature is a vast and diverse field that has left an indelible mark on the world of letters. From the eloquent plays of William Shakespeare to the complex novels of Jane Austen and the profound poetry of William Wordsworth, English literature offers a window into the human experience. One of the luminaries of English literature is William Shakespeare, often hailed as the greatest playwright in the history of English language. His works, including Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet, are celebrated for their exploration of human nature, love, ambition, and tragedy. His characters, such as the tormented Hamlet and the star-crossed lovers Romeo and Juliet, continue to captivate readers and audiences worldwide.
The 19th century ushered in a new era of literary giants. Jane Austen’s novels, such as Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility, provide incisive social commentary through the lens of wit and romance. Austen’s heroines, like Elizabeth Bennet and Elinor Dashwood, remain beloved literary figures known for their intelligence and resilience. The Romantic era brought forth poets like William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who celebrated * 8 UG the beauty of nature and the emotional intensity of the individual. Wordsworth’s ‘‘I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud’’ and Coleridge’s ‘‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’’ are testament to the power of the written words to evoke profound emotions and imagery. Moving towards 20th century, English literature continued to evolve. Virginia Woolf’s ground-breaking novel Mrs. Dalloway explored the inner thoughts and lives of its characters with a modernist narrative style. Dystopian visions, as seen in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four provided stark warnings about the dangers of totalitarianism and the erosion of individual freedom.
Today, English literature is a global phenomenon, transcending borders and languages. Indian authors like Arundhati Roy, with her novel The God of Small Things, have won prestigious international literary awards. The book not only explores intricate family dynamics but also delves into the broader socio-political landscape of India. In summary, English literature is a testament to the enduring power of storytelling and the written word. It encompasses an array of authors, themes, and styles that continue to captivate and inspire readers across the world. - On the evening of the 10th, General Dyer arrived at Amritsar, and the Deputy-Commissioner handed over the civil power to him. He issued a proclamation by word of mouth that no meetings should be held. Two days later, after there had been no sort of riot, nor murder, General Dyer heard that a meeting was to be held at the Jallianwala Bagh. He proceeded there with about fifty troops, half British, half Indian, and a certain number of Ghurkas, armed with their kukris. The Jallianwala Bagh is an open space, half a mile square, which has one entry wide enough for three persons. The troops got in and lined up on a mound of debris. The walls, seven feet high, and the surrounding houses enclosed the people. There were, too, three alleys through which the people might have been able to pass. Within thirty seconds of the troops getting in, General Dyer gave orders to fire, and the crowd of people, estimated at anything from 5,000 to 20,000, who were sitting on the ground peacefully listening to the mob oratory, were fired on. The result of the troops’ fire into the mass of people we do not know. But we do know that Dyer’s own estimate of the casualties resulting from ten minutes continual individual firing, was 400 to 500 killed and 1,500 wounded. The people were not able to escape. They were people who had not offered any violence and who had not been warned. These people were shot down. After ten minutes, the ammunition was exhausted and the troops marched off, and they left 1,500 wounded there. There were men lying there for two days, dying of thirst, eating the ground, bleeding to death and nobody to look after them. Those who lived nearby came and carried away some of the wounded from the heap of dead and dying, but the unfortunate country people died there miserably of their wounds. This is what is done in 1919 in British India…
Centuries hence you will find Indian children brought up to this spot, just as they visit now the Cawnpore Well, and you can imagine the feelings of these Indians for generations over this terrible business.
[Col. Wedgwood, MP, speaking in the British Parliament, 22 December 1919]
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